Table 1.

Types of non-associative and associative learning.

Category	Subcategory	Paradigm	Further Subcategory	Behavioral Response	Example	Reference
Non-associative learning
Habituation	-	Continuous exposure of stimulus	-	Decrease	Reduced zebrafish startle response to repeated sound stimulus	[19]
Sensitization	-		-	Increase	Repeated nicotine exposure increased locomotor activity and sensitivity of zebrafish	[20]
Associative learning
Classical (Pavlovian)	Appetitive conditioning	Association of favorable stimulus with cue	-	Increase/Decrease (involuntary response)	Increased dog salivation upon hearing sound of bell that was previously paired with food	-
	Aversive conditioning	Association of unfavorable stimulus with cue	-	Increase/Decrease (involuntary response)	Decreased zebrafish distance traveled in tank that was previously paired with electric shock (Increased contextual fear response)	[21]
					Increased zebrafish freezing time and erratic movement in tank that was previously paired with electric shock (Increased contextual fear response)	[22]
Operant (Instrumental)	Positive reinforcement	Association of behavioral response with administration of appetitive stimulus	-	Increase	Increased zebrafish approach to a response key that was equipped with a sensor to dispense brine shrimp eggs	[23]
	Negative reinforcement	Association of behavioral response with removal of aversive stimulus	Escape learning (Engage a behavior to remove the existing aversive stimulus)	Increase	Increased rodent crossing response from a compartment with existing foot shock to the opposite compartment in a shuttle box	-
			Active avoidance (Engage a behavior to prevent the occurrence of aversive stimulus)		Increased zebrafish crossing response to a compartment without electric shock upon the presentation of light signal that was previously paired with administration of the shock	[24]
			Passive (inhibitory) avoidance (Suppress an innate behavior to prevent the occurrence of aversive stimulus)		Increased zebrafish latency to enter dark (preferred) compartment that was previously paired with electric shock	[25]
	Positive punishment	Association of behavioral response with administration of aversive stimulus	-	Decrease	Refrained from pressing a lever that will lead to foot shock for a rodent	-
	Negative punishment	Association of behavioral response with removal of appetitive stimulus	-	Decrease	Decreased the undesired behavior by taking away the reward in a dog training	-