Table 2.
Mental health outcomes.
| Descriptives | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N | Mean | Std Dev | Median | Minimum | Maximum | High score means |
| PHQ-9 | 27,950 | 5.83 | 5.51 | 4 | 0 | 27 | More symptoms |
| GAD-7 | 27,950 | 4.43 | 4.78 | 3 | 0 | 21 | More symptoms |
| PSS-4 | 27,916 | 7.53 | 2.27 | 8 | 0 | 16 | More symptoms |
| PC-PTSD-5 | 27,658 | 4.71 | 3.97 | 4 | 0 | 20 | More symptoms |
| Loneliness | 27,886 | 1.68 | 0.96 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Lonelier |
| Happiness | 27,027 | 7.05 | 1.97 | 7 | 1 | 10 | Happier |
| Physical health | 27,944 | 2.90 | 0.84 | 2 | 1 | 4 | Better health |
| Mental health | 27,939 | 2.85 | 0.92 | 2 | 1 | 4 | Better health |
| Frequencies for the categorised PHQ-9 and GAD-7 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | Total score | |||
| Minimal | 14,580 | (52.2 %) | 17,514 | (62.7 %) | 0–4 |
| Mild | 7411 | (26.5 %) | 6249 | (22.4 %) | 5–9 |
| Moderate | 3411 | (12.2 %) | 2588 | (9.3 %) | 10–14 |
| (Moderately) severe | 1684 | (6.0 %) | 1599 | (5.7 %) | 15+ |
| SEVERE | 866 | (3.1 %) | 20+ (for PHQ-9 only) | ||
| PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | PSS-4 | PC-PTSD | Loneliness | Happiness | Mental health | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spearman correlation coefficients and confidence limits of mental health measures | |||||||
| GAD-7 | 0.78 | ||||||
| (0.78–0.79) | |||||||
| PSS-4 | 0.28 | 0.34 | |||||
| (0.27–0.29) | (0.33–0.35) | ||||||
| PC-PTSD-5 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.23 | ||||
| (0.46–0.48) | (0.50–0.52) | (0.21–0.24) | |||||
| Loneliness | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.39 | |||
| (0.56–0.57) | (0.50–0.51) | (0.18–0.20) | (0.37–0.40) | ||||
| Happiness | −0.64 | −0.56 | −0.16 | −0.36 | −0.56 | ||
| (−0.65–0.63) | (−0.57–0.55) | (−0.17–0.14) | (−0.37–0.35) | (−0.57–0.55) | |||
| Mental health | −0.70 | −0.66 | −0.21 | −0.39 | −0.48 | 0.64 | |
| (−0.70–0.69) | (−0.67–0.65) | (−0.22–0.19) | (−0.40–0.38) | (−0.49–0.48) | (0.63–0.65) | ||
| Physical health | −0.43 | −0.33 | −0.10 | −0.24 | −0.24 | 0.37 | 0.49 |
| (−0.44–0.42) | (−0.34–0.32) | (−0.11–0.09) | (−0.26–0.23) | (−0.25–0.23) | (0.36–0.38) | (0.48–0.50) | |
| Spearman correlation coefficients and confidence limits of other variables | |||||||
| Age | −0.34 | −0.38 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.23 | 0.23 | −0.31 |
| (−0.35 to −0.33) | (−0.40 to −0.38) | (−0.15 to −0.12) | (−0.11 to −0.8) | (−0.24 to −0.22) | (0.22–0.24) | (−0.32 to −0.30) | |
| BMI | 0.09 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.07 |
| (0.08–0.10) | (0.00–0.03) | (−0.03 to −0.00) | (0.05–0.07) | (0.01–0.04) | (−0.05 to −0.02) | (0.06–0.08) | |
| Sleep quality | −0.55 | −0.45 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.42 |
| (−0.54 to −0.56) | (−0.46 to −0.44) | (0.13–0.15) | (0.27–0.29) | (0.28–0.30) | (0.38–0.40) | (0.41–0.43) | |
| Sleep quantity | −0.24 | −0.20 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.12 | 0.16 | −0.16 |
| (−0.26 to −0.23) | (−0.21–0.19) | (−0.07 to −0.05) | (−0.13 to −0.10) | (−0.13 to −0.11) | (0.15–0.17) | (−0.17 to −0.15) | |
| Disruption to daily life | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.49 | 0.31 | −0.30 | 0.28 |
| (0.36–0.38) | (0.37–0.39) | (0.17–0.19) | (0.48.0.49) | (0.30–0.32) | (−0.31 to −0.29) | (0.27–0.29) | |
| Economic difficulties | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.23 | −0.25 | 0.32 |
| (0.28–0.30) | (0.28–0.30) | (0.11–0.14) | (0.19–0.22) | (0.22–0.24) | (−0.26 to −0.24) | (0.31–0.33) | |
| COVID-19 worries | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.49 | 0.16 | 0.15 | −0.19 |
| (0.19–0.22) | (0.26–0.28) | (0.09–0.11) | (0.48–0.50) | (0.15–0.17) | (0.14–0.16) | (−0.21 to −0.18) | |
| Comorbidities (N) | 0.04 | −0.00 | −0.00 | 0.10 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.03 |
| (0.03–0.05) | (−0.01–0.01) | (−0.02–0.01) | (0.08–0.11) | (0.01–0.04) | (−0.03 to −0.01) | (0.01–0.04) | |