Figure 1.

Root-shoot parameters, recently incorporated root carbon (¹³C atomic %), and growth-related root gene expression in maize. (A) Shoot and root biomass (log scale) and root-shoot ratio. L: loam, S: sand, WT: wild type, RTH3: root hairless maize. (B) C allocation (atomic %) to roots (D1: depth 0–20 cm; D2: depth 20–40 cm). Differences between treatments (p < 0.05) across stages according to ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test are indicated by different letters. The presence of root hairs on C allocation was not significant. (C) Root gene expression related to cell wall expansion (contrast top: BBCH59 vs. BBCH14, bottom: sand vs loam; LFC: log2 fold change, padj: Benjamini Hochberg adjusted p-value). (D) Significantly enriched gene ontology terms related to cell wall expansion and growth (-log10P: -log10 p-value of the enrichment).