Table 1.

Synergistic mechanisms of luteolin with other anticancer agents.

S. No.	Combination of Drug Molecules	Type of Cancer	Model System (Cell Lines)	Physiological Effect and Mechanism(s)	Dose	Ref.
1	luteolin and oxaliplatin	tumor	HCT116 cells	reduced the expression of p21 protein	-	[101]
2	luteolin and oxaliplatin	Tumor	gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (SGC-7901)	blocked cell progression in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis; increased cyclin D1 levels	LUT (40 μM) and OXA (30 μM); 24 h	[92]
3	celecoxib and luteolin	Malignant tumors	breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231)	increased cell proliferation, cell death, apoptosis; decreased levels of Akt phosphorylation (pAkt);	10, 25, 50, 75, 100 μM for 72 h	[94]
4	quercetin and luteolin	malignant	MDA-MB-231 cell	downregulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and R9-nAChR expression	0.5 μM	[122]
5	luteolin and silibinin	malignant	glioblastoma SNB19 cells and glioblastoma stem cells	prevented cell migration and invasion and induced apoptosis; targeted PKCα and iNOS	20 µM LUT and 50 µM SIL	[35]
6	apigenin and luteolin	malignant	MDA-MB231 cell	inhibited CCID, MMP1-induced calcium increase and phosphorylation of FAK essential for FAK activation; p53 signaling pathway was activated; NF-κB pathway inhibition	-	[123]
7	luteolin and cyclophosphamide	Tumor cells	human breast cancer cell	increasing Bcl-2 protein level and antioxidant activity; downregulation of Akt phosphorylation	Lut 30 mg/kg + cyclophosphamide 10 mg/kg	[40]
8	luteolin and lapatinib	-	BT474 breast cancer cells	inhibited expression of ERBB1, phosphorylation level of Akt, ERK1/2	-	[124]
9	CD55-TRAIL and luteolin	Tumor cells	colorectal cancer (CRC), HT-29 cells	displayed greater chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic body formation	CD55-TRAIL (15 MOI), luteolin (25 µM), 72 h	[125]
10	epigallocatechin-3-gallate and luteolin	-	prostate cancer cells	inhibited TGF-β and ERK inhibition pathways, decreased levels of HGF and VEGF	-	[101]
11	luteolin and paclitaxel	malignant	breast cancer cell lines	regulated Caspase 8, 3, Fas	-	[35]
12	luteolin and cisplatin	malignant	ovarian cancer, CAOV3/DDP cells	induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration and invasion, downregulation of Bcl-2 expression	10–40 mg/kg, 5 days	[106]
13	luteolin and hesperidin	malignant	breast cancerous cell line MCF-7	downregulated miR21 expression levels while upregulated miR-16 expression levels, caused a significant accumulation of apoptotic cells into the G0/G1	20, 60, 100 and 140 mg/mL, for 24 h and 48 h.	[35]
14	luteolin and 5-fluorouracil		human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 and Bel7402 cells)	enhanced bax/bcl-2 ratios and p53 expressions, and induced PARP cleavage	dose ratios (luteolin: 5-fluorouracil = 10:1, 20:1, 40:1)	[100]