Table 2.

Application of macroalgae in animal feeds and its effect on product quality.

Livestock	Seaweed Species	Extract	Add the Amount	Main Biological Effects in the Animals	References
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)	Gracilaria pualvinata	Dry	3%, 6%, and 9%	Increased levels of seaweed supplementation were negatively correlated with the serum triglycerides and cholesterol in the animals.	[55]
Buck and doe rabbits	Ulva lactuca	Fresh or dry	1% and 2%	Seaweed supplementation improved the reproductive performance of rabbits by improving the semen fertility characteristics of bucks.	[56]
Female pigs	Seaweed extract (No species mentioned)	Fresh or dry	180 mg laminarin and 340 mg fucoidan per kilogram feed	Seaweed extracts reduced the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon of supplemented pigs after an experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium compared to animals receiving a basal diet.	[57]
Lohmann Lite hens	Chondrus crispus and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii	Fresh or dry	2% and 4%	The incorporation of seaweed in the diet of hens reduced the negative effects on body weight and egg production of a challenge with Salmonella enteritidis compared to birds receiving a basal diet.	[58]
Nile tilapia (Oreochiromisniloticx)	Ulva sp. (mixture of Ulva rigida 5% and 10% and ulva lactaca)	Fresh or dry	5% and 10%	Seaweed meal increased total carotenoid contents in the skin and enhanced immune responses in supplemented fish. Seaweed supplementation showed no effects on the growth performance or the organoleptic properties of the flesh with respect to fish receiving a basal diet.	[59]
Red tilapia (Oreochronis miloticus)	Fermented Enteromorpha prolifera	Dry	1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%	Fermented seaweed had positive effects on the growth performance, the activity of the digestive enzymes and the immunity of the fish from the supplemented group with respect to control. The recommended optimum level of inclusion of this algal product in the diet of fish ranged between 3.7% and 4.19%.	[60]