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(a) Schematic diagram of detecting PSA by an electrochemical biosensor based on peptide cleavage. Reprinted with permission from [52]. (b) Schematic diagram of the PSA test. Reprinted with permission from [55]. (c) Schematic of the sandwich immunoassay format in the QCM sensor chip combine with gold-staining signal amplification. Reprinted with permission from [61].
