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. 2022 Nov 4;19(21):14508. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114508

Table 12.

Granger causality test results of rainfall, mechanization, and agricultural carbon emissions.

Null Hypothesis F-Statistic Prob.
LNMACHINE does not cause LNPERAGCARBON via Granger test 3.54771 0.0037
LNPERAGCARBON does not cause LNMACHINE via Granger test 3.53892 0.0038
LNRAIN does not cause LNPERAGCARBON via Granger test 2.28559 0.0454
LNPERAGCARBON does not cause LNRAIN via Granger test 6.73996 0.0000
LNRAIN does not cause LNMACHINE via Granger test 2.10853 0.0634
LNMACHINE does not cause LNRAIN via Granger test 0.45362 0.8107