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. 2022 Nov 4;19(21):14508. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114508

Table 13.

Granger causality test results of sunlight, mechanization, and agricultural carbon emissions.

Null Hypothesis: F-Statistic Prob.
LNMACHINE does not cause LNPERAGCARBON via Granger test 3.54771 0.0037
LNPERAGCARBON does not cause LNMACHINE via Granger test 3.53892 0.0038
LNSUNLIGHT does not cause LNPERAGCARBON via Granger test 3.44080 0.0046
LNPERAGCARBON does not cause LNSUNLIGHT via Granger test 2.24957 0.0486
LNSUNLIGHT does not cause LNMACHINE via Granger test 1.72609 0.1272
LNMACHINE does not cause LNSUNLIGHT via Granger test 0.42075 0.8343