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. 2022 Nov 7;11(21):3523. doi: 10.3390/cells11213523

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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BCAA treatment induces AD-related changes in vitro. Differentiated HT-22 hippocampal neurons were supplemented with a mixture of BCAAs in the culture media for 24 h. (A) mRNA expression of genes involved in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion, synapse formation, and retrograde trafficking. (B) Western blots showing pGSK3β, total GSK3β, pTau 396, total Tau. (C) Analysis of Tau phosphorylation at residue 396 and (D) pGSK3β. (E–H) In a separate cohort, differentiated HT-22 neurons were exposed to either vehicle or 10 mM BCAAs in the media for 24 h. Another group was exposed to 25 mM glucose to induce glucotoxicity, a widely used neurotoxicity model, as a comparison. (E) mRNA levels for neuronal health genes as described above were analyzed. (F) Genes critical for glycolytic pathway. (G) mRNAs of TNF-α and (H) IL-6. All mRNAs were normalized to B2M. n = 6/group; * p < 0.05 compared to Control. Groups with different letters (i.e., a, b, c) are significantly different from each other with p < 0.05.

BCAA treatment induces AD-related changes in vitro. Differentiated HT-22 hippocampal neurons were supplemented with a mixture of BCAAs in the culture media for 24 h. (A) mRNA expression of genes involved in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion, synapse formation, and retrograde trafficking. (B) Western blots showing pGSK3β, total GSK3β, pTau 396, total Tau. (C) Analysis of Tau phosphorylation at residue 396 and (D) pGSK3β. (E–H) In a separate cohort, differentiated HT-22 neurons were exposed to either vehicle or 10 mM BCAAs in the media for 24 h. Another group was exposed to 25 mM glucose to induce glucotoxicity, a widely used neurotoxicity model, as a comparison. (E) mRNA levels for neuronal health genes as described above were analyzed. (F) Genes critical for glycolytic pathway. (G) mRNAs of TNF-α and (H) IL-6. All mRNAs were normalized to B2M. n = 6/group; * p < 0.05 compared to Control. Groups with different letters (i.e., a, b, c) are significantly different from each other with p < 0.05.