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. 2022 Oct 22;11(21):6239. doi: 10.3390/jcm11216239

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Serial change of each parameter in stage 1. Serial changes in blood levels of glucose (a), C-peptide (b), lactic acid (c), along with systolic blood pressure (d), diastolic blood pressure (e), and pulse rate (f) by a single bout of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) implemented after supplementary nutrient inoculation in 11 hemodialysis patients studied on two occasions: black circles, control trial; white squares, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) trial. All the participants took nutritional supplements 30 min after the start of hemodialysis (HD). NMES was performed from 60 min after the start of hemodialysis until 90 min. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation for the 11 participants. * p < 0.01 vs. control.