Table 2.
Clinical variables recorded in stage 2 of the trial.
| Control | NMES | Repeated Measures 2-Way ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Group | Time | Interaction | ||
| F Value | p Value | |||||||
| Body composition | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 58.5 ± 15.4 | 58.4 ± 15.4 | 58.5 ± 15.3 | 59.0 ± 14.9 | 0.9726 | 0.9507 | 0.0028 | 0.9543 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 23.8 ± 4.5 | 23.8 ± 4.6 | 23.9 ± 4.5 | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 0.9481 | 0.916 | 0.0073 | 0.9373 |
| SMI (kg/m²) | 6.5 ± 1.0 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 0.8368 | 0.8449 | 0.0327 | 0.9005 |
| Glycemic control | ||||||||
| Glycoalbumin (%) | 18.6 ± 1.3 | 18.4 ± 1.8 | 18.6 ± 1.7 | 17.4 ± 1.4 | 0.1297 | 0.1297 | 1.9478 | 0.1568 |
| Lipids | ||||||||
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.26 | 1.15 ± 0.27 | 1.06 ± 0.20 | 1.13 ± 0.30 | 0.3778 | 0.8755 | 0.2844 | 0.8755 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.52 ± 0.48 | 1.45 ± 0.41 | 1.54 ± 0.41 | 1.50 ± 0.42 | 0.7120 | 0.7596 | 0.0940 | 0.8246 |
| Triacylglcerol (mmol/L) | 1.30 ± 0.51 | 1.12 ± 0.47 | 1.26 ± 0.33 | 1.10 ± 0.42 | 0.9279 | 0.2826 | 0.4118 | 0.8707 |
| Nutritional status indicators | ||||||||
| GNRI | 93.1 ± 4.4 | 94.6 ± 2.9 | 93.3 ± 2.9 | 94.0 ± 3.6 | 0.3984 | 0.3871 | 0.5318 | 0.7267 |
| FGM glucose over 24 h | ||||||||
| Mean (mmol/dL) | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 0.2447 | 0.5692 | 0.6961 | 0.5692 |
| MAGE (mmol/dL) | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 2.2 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.8 | 0.2225 | 0.8747 | 0.6044 | 0.6437 |
| Oxidative stress | ||||||||
| d-ROMs (U. CARR) | 354.2 ± 24.4 | 350.3 ± 17.9 | 342.7 ± 24.5 | 326.8 ± 17.9 | 0.2040 | 0.288 | 2.5423 | 0.4361 |
| BAP (μmmol/L) | 2647.2 ± 313.2 | 2818.2 ± 200.7 | 2787.6 ± 376.5 | 2761.2 ± 234.9 | 0.4858 | 0.6870 | 0.5313 | 0.3433 |
| Muscle function | ||||||||
| Echo intensity in the rectus femoris | 78.8 ± 11.3 | 80.4 ± 10.7 | 84.1 ± 11.3 | 71.2 ± 11.9 | 0.1732 | 0.6335 | 1.8301 | 0.0798 |
| Quadriceps muscle thickness (cm) | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.8884 | 0.9055 | 0.0617 | 0.7007 |
| Grip power (kg) | 20.5 ± 4.8 | 19.8 ± 5.8 | 19.7 ± 4.8 | 21.1 ± 6.2 | 0.9093 | 0.8426 | 0.1157 | 0.5921 |
| Weight bearing index | 0.33 ± 0.11 | 0.31 ± 0.0.8 | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.9430 | 0.5956 | 0.3385 | 0.4026 |
| Physical function | ||||||||
| SPPB (point) | 9.1 ± 3.3 | 9.0 ± 3.5 | 8.6 ± 3.5 | 8.8 ± 3.5 | 0.8015 | 0.9599 | 0.0301 | 0.8801 |
| TUG (s) | 16.0 ± 18.9 | 17.0 ± 18.7 | 16.7 ± 18.0 | 13.3 ± 10.1 | 0.8060 | 0.8404 | 0.0792 | 0.7164 |
| 6WMT (m) | 257.7 ± 148 | 257.9 ± 145.9 | 261.9 ± 148 | 277.4 ± 150.0 | 0.8225 | 0.8824 | 0.0316 | 0.8851 |
| Sarcopenia (n) | 6 (75%) | 7 (88%) | 7 (88%) | 6 (75%) | ||||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: 6MWT, 6 min walking test; BAP, biological antioxidant potential; BMI, body mass index; d-ROMS, diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites; FGM, flash glucose monitoring; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; TUG, timed up and go.