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. 2022 Oct 29;23(21):13179. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113179

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme of the effects of apigenin on the mineralization process. TNAP, attached to the membranes through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, hydrolyzes inorganic pyrophosphate (PP_i) into inorganic phosphate (P_i). AnxA6 may function as an inner and outer membrane protein as well as a transmembrane calcium ions (Ca²⁺) channel, whereas P_iT may function as a P_i transporter. Apigenin stimulates (green arrow) hydroxyapatite (HA) formation from Ca²⁺ and P_i ions and inhibits (red block) AnxA6 and TNAP co-localization at the membrane of matrix vesicle (MV) secreted by the mineralizing cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM).