Table 2.
Comparison of baseline clinical, echocardiographic, and procedural characteristics based on the occurrence of nonprocedural clinically significant bleeding during follow-up.
| Variable | CSB after LAAC (n = 14) | No CSB after LAAC (n = 181) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female gender, n (%) | 5 (35.7) | 79 (43.6) | 0.780 |
| Age (years); median (IQR) | 69 (56–81) | 74 (68–80) | 0.240 |
| Age ≥ 75 years | 6 (42.9) | 88 (48.6) | 0.785 |
| HAS-BLED score; median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | 0.201 |
| Predicted annual bleeding risk; median (IQR) | 4.1 (3.4–5.8) | 5.8 (4.1–5.8) | 0.203 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 12 (85.7) | 154 (85.1) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4 (28.6) | 55 (30.4) | 1.000 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 5 (35.7) | 47 (26.0) | 0.530 |
| Prior ischemic stroke/TIA/PE, n (%) | 3 (21.4) | 57 (31.5) | 0.556 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 5 (35.7) | 85 (47.8) | 0.420 |
| PCI/CABG history, n (%) | 3 (21.4) | 69 (38.1) | 0.261 |
| MI history, n (%) | 2 (14.3) | 53 (29.3) | 0.357 |
| Carotid/peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 1 (7.1) | 31 (17.1) | 0.473 |
| Pacemaker/ICD implanted, n (%) | 3 (21.4) | 42 (23.2) | 1.000 |
| Permanent atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 11 (78.6) | 85 (47.0) | 0.027 |
| Cancer history, n (%) | 1 (7.1) | 29 (16.0) | 0.700 |
| Venous thromboembolism history, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (6.6) | 1.000 |
| Bleeding history | |||
| Bleedings history, n (%) | 14 (100) | 136 (75.1) | 0.043 |
| Skin/oral/ocular bleeding, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (14.9) | 0.224 |
| Intracranial bleeding, n (%) | 1 (7.1) | 36 (19.9) | 0.476 |
| Genitourinary bleeding, n (%) | 2 (14.3) | 22 (12.2) | 0.684 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%) | 8 (57.1) | 52 (28.7) | 0.036 |
| Epistaxis, n (%) | 3 (21.4) | 17 (9.4) | 0.161 |
| Bleedings history while on anticoagulation, n (%) | 11 (78.6) | 113 (62.4) | 0.265 |
| Transthoracic ECHO parameters | |||
| LVEF < 40%, n (%) | 1 (7.1) | 14 (7.7) | 1.000 |
| Moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation, n (%) | 1 (7.1) | 29 (16.0) | 0.700 |
| Laboratory results | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL); median (IQR) | 12.2 (11.0–13.2) | 13.1 (11.8–14.6) | 0.071 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 9 (64.3) | 65 (35.9) | 0.046 |
| Platelets (103/mL); median (IQR) | 192 (172–226) | 183 (139–231) | 0.419 |
| eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 4 (28.6) | 89 (49.2) | 0.170 |
| Admission SBP (mmHg); median (IQR) | 140 (131–161) | 130 (114–148) | 0.026 |
| Admission DBP (mmHg); median (IQR) | 80 (77–82) | 76 (67–85) | 0.131 |
| Admission heart rate (beats/min); median (IQR) | 75 (70–83) | 73 (64–83) | 0.283 |
CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD = implantable cardioverter–defibrillator; IQR = interquartile range; LAAC = left atrial appendage closure; LVEF = left ventricle ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PE = peripheral embolus; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TIA = transient ischemic attack.