Table 3.
Odds ratios for abnormal biomarker status in alcohol consumers according to dominant alcoholic beverage type, as adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking and coffee consumption.
| Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p | ||
| GGT | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 1.77 (1.44 to 2.18) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.14 to 1.58) | <0.001 | |
| Beer | 1.94 (1.67 to 2.25) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.41 to 1.99) | <0.001 | |
| Cider or long drink | 1.16 (0.69 to 1.95) | 0.584 | 0.95 (0.66 to 1.37) | 0.771 | |
| Spirits | 2.06 (1.73 to 2.46) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.39 to 2.26) | <0.001 | |
| Mixed | 1.87 (1.55 to 2.25) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.34 to 2.01) | <0.001 | |
| ALT | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 1.48 (0.96 to 2.26) | 0.076 | 1.35 (1.02 to 1.80) | 0.039 | |
| Beer | 1.37 (1.03 to 1.81) | 0.028 | 1.37 (1.03 to 1.83) | 0.032 | |
| Cider or long drink | 1.81 (0.62 to 5.25) | 0.278 | 0.92 (0.36 to 2.34) | 0.852 | |
| Spirits | 1.77 (1.27 to 2.48) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.03 to 2.39) | 0.035 | |
| Mixed | 1.68 (1.18 to 2.40) | 0.004 | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.65) | 0.526 | |
| Cholesterol | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 1.14 (0.98 to 1.33) | 0.092 | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96) | 0.008 | |
| Beer | 1.44 (1.29 to 1.60) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.83 to 1.04) | 0.194 | |
| Cider or long drink | 1.01 (0.71 to 1.42) | 0.967 | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.18) | 0.685 | |
| Spirits | 1.46 (1.27 to 1.68) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.13) | 0.471 | |
| Mixed | 1.68 (1.46 to 1.94) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) | 0.607 | |
| HDL-cholesterol | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 0.50 (0.41 to 0.61) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.47 to 0.64) | <0.001 | |
| Beer | 0.51 (0.45 to 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.51 to 0.69) | <0.001 | |
| Cider or long drink | 0.77 (0.50 to 1.17) | 0.219 | 0.90 (0.69 to 1.17) | 0.410 | |
| Spirits | 0.55 (0.47 to 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.51 to 0.84) | <0.001 | |
| Mixed | 0.52 (0.43 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.37 to 0.57) | <0.001 | |
| LDL-cholesterol | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.19) | 0.908 | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.92) | 0.001 | |
| Beer | 1.16 (1.02 to 1.32) | 0.025 | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.01) | 0.067 | |
| Cider or long drink | 1.22 (0.72 to 2.09) | 0.456 | 0.77 (0.54 to 1.10) | 0.154 | |
| Spirits | 1.30 (1.09 to 1.54) | 0.003 | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.02) | 0.082 | |
| Mixed | 1.45 (1.22 to 1.73) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.09) | 0.337 | |
| Triglycerides | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.15) | 0.777 | 0.72 (0.62 to 0.83) | <0.001 | |
| Beer | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) | 0.048 | 0.93 (0.80 to 1.08) | 0.339 | |
| Cider or long drink | 1.23 (0.85 to 1.77) | 0.272 | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25) | 0.714 | |
| Spirits | 1.10 (0.95 to 1.26) | 0.203 | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.13) | 0.347 | |
| Mixed | 1.19 (1.03 to 1.37) | 0.020 | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.87) | <0.001 | |
| CRP | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.00) | 0.052 | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.11) | 0.629 | |
| Beer | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.17) | 0.777 | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.10) | 0.512 | |
| Cider or long drink | 1.12 (0.71 to 1.76) | 0.634 | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.35) | 0.778 | |
| Spirits | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) | 0.216 | 1.19 (0.96 to 1.47) | 0.108 | |
| Mixed | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.23) | 0.754 | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16) | 0.809 | |
| MCV | Abstainers | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Wine | 1.60 (0.89 to 2.89) | 0.120 | 1.30 (0.69 to 2.48) | 0.417 | |
| Beer | 1.80 (1.15 to 2.84) | 0.011 | 0.87 (0.48 to 1.58) | 0.648 | |
| Cider or long drink | 0.77 (0.09 to 6.49) | 0.813 | NA | ||
| Spirits | 1.89 (1.09 to 3.27) | 0.024 | 1.85 (0.79 to 4.33) | 0.155 | |
| Mixed | 1.27 (0.72 to 2.24) | 0.403 | 1.27 (0.57 to 2.80) | 0.557 |
For abbreviations and marker cut-offs, see Table 2. NA, not applicable.