Table 4.

Role of exosomes in renal diseases [164].

Kidney Disease/Disorder	Exosome’s Role	Exosome’s Source	Main Findings
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)	Therapeutics	RCC cell line Pathogenic	CD8 + T-cells activated by exosomes generated from RCC cells combined with GM-CSF and IL-12 showed autologous anti-cancer activity.
	Biomarker	Urine (human)	Urinary exosomal miR-126-3p in combination with miR-449a or miR-34b-5p might distinguish ccRCC from healthy people. Urinary exosomal miR-126-3p in combination with miR-486-5p in urine might distinguish ccRCC from benign tumors.
Kidney stone disease	Pathogenic	Urine (human)	Urinary exosomes were produced in larger quantities by stone formers.
Renal fibrosis	Therapeutics	MSCs (human)	Exosome miR-let7c generated from MSCs has reduced fibrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells.
Polycystic kidney disease	Pathogenic	Urine (human)	Multiple PKD-related gene products were excreted into the urine via exosomal secretion.