Figure 5.
The signal transduction pathways associated with the G(i) signaling complex. The G(i) protein comprises three components, namely alpha, beta and gamma subunits. Therefore, they are called the Gi protein heterotrimer. Giα inhibits the production of Camp Giβγ activates K+ channels and inhibits the opening of Ca2+ channels. The downstream effects involve the Mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways; ERK, p38 and JNK. β-arrestin attachment to the G(i) complex initiates receptor desensitization and internalization. Adapted with text and annotation from reference [134] licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY) license.