Skip to main content
. 2022 Nov 6;23(21):13616. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113616

Figure 5.

Figure 5

IL-6 (A), IL-1β (B), and TNF-α (C) percentages obtained in the presence of LPS-stimulated macrophages cultured in the presence of different concentrations of the E. purpurea extracts and clinically used anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone, diclofenac, salicylic acid, and celecoxib, 10 μM) for 24 h of culture. The dotted line represents the maximum levels of cytokines’ production for the positive control (LPS-stimulated macrophages without treatment). Statistically significant differences are * (p < 0.0492), ** (p < 0.0090), *** (p < 0.0010), **** (p < 0.0001) in comparison to the positive control (LPS-stimulated macrophages without treatment) for each different tested extracted. CTL: control; F: flowers; L: leaves; R: roots; AE: aqueous extracts; EE: ethanolic extracts; DE: dichloromethanolic extracts.