Table 5.
Natural occurrence of emerging mycotoxins in maize.
| Mycotoxin | Positive Samples (%) | Min–Max [µg/kg] | Origin | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MON | 120/123 (98%) | <LOQ–1130 | South Africa | [26] |
| 26/29 (89.7%) | 15.3–1450 | Serbia (South-Backa) | [54] | |
| 21/21 (100%) | 5.06–850 | Serbia (South-Banat) | ||
| 3/6 (50%) | 34.8–405 | Serbia (West-Backa) | ||
| 12/12 (100%) | 7.18–1228 | Serbia (Middle-Banat) | ||
| 5/5 (100%) | 3.03–3856 | Serbia (Srem) | ||
| 18/79 (23%) | 1.6–142 * | Egypt | [57] | |
| 54/90 (60%) | <LOD–1160.35 | Michigan (USA) | [60] | |
| 81/81 (100%) | 93–751 | Northen Italy (Pidemont) | [68] | |
| 81/81 (100%) | 592–4800 | Northen Italy (Lombardy) | ||
| 81/81 (100%) | 8–1613 | Northen Italy (Vento) | ||
| 20/30 (66%) | 25.3–1387 * | Nigeria | [64] | |
| BEA | 107/123 (87%) | <LOQ–142 | South Africa | [26] |
| 20/21 (95.2%) | 0.41–129 | Serbia (South-Banat) | [54] | |
| 26/29 (89.7%) | 0.10–111 | Serbia (South-Backa) | ||
| 11/12 (91.7%) | 0.23–49.7 | Serbia (Middle-Banat) | ||
| 4/5 (80%) | 0.27–136 | Serbia (Srem) | ||
| 3/6 (50%) | 0.03–18.2 | Serbia (West-Backa) | ||
| 30/30 (100%) | 2.5–329 * | Nigeria | [64] | |
| 80/90 (89%) | 1.04–7446.21 | Michigan (USA) | [60] | |
| 50/79 (63%) | 0.64–72 * | Egypt | [57] | |
| FUS | 16/21 (76.2%) | 85.4–1121 | Serbia (South-Banat) | [54] |
| 11/12 (91.7%) | 450–1738 | Serbia (Middle-Banat) | ||
| 3/5 (60%) | 312–4488 | Serbia (Srem) | ||
| 22/29 (75.9%) | 91.3–4687 | Serbia (South-Backa) | ||
| 1/6 (16.7%) | 12,272–12,272 | Serbia (West-Backa) | ||
| 2/30 (7.1%) | 0.3–1.3 | Nigeria | [64] | |
| DAS | 2/123 (1.7%) | 4.4–5.0 | South Africa | [26] |
| 9/55 (17%) | 2.2–3 | West Africa (Togo) | [62] | |
| 12/30 (40%) | 5.9–6.59 * | Nigeria | [64] | |
| 22/257 (8.6%) | 0–14.9 * | Belgium | [70] | |
| MAS | 1/123 (0.8%) | 20.9–20.9 | South Africa | [26] |
| 4/158 (2.5%) | 9.91–32.9 * | Europe (various countries) | [63] ** | |
| NEO | 1/123 (0.8%) | 4.5–4.5 | South Africa | [26] |
| ENN A | 3/29 (10.3%) | 0.12–0.47 | Serbia (South-Backa) | [54] |
| 2/12 (16.7%) | 0.41–17.1 | Serbia (Middle-Banat) | ||
| 1/6 (16.7%) | 0.49 | Serbia (West-Backa) | ||
| 50/90 (56%) | <LOD–21.84 | Michigan (USA) | [60] | |
| ENN A1 | 4/90 (4%) | <LOD–27.28 | Michigan (USA) | [60] |
| 3/29 (10.3%) | 0.13–0.44 | Serbia (South-Backa) | [54] | |
| 3/12 (4.8%) | 0.11–27.4 | Serbia (Middle-Banat) | ||
| 1/21 (4.8%) | 0.59 | Serbia (South-Banat) | ||
| ENN B | 47/90 (52%) | <LOD–2.34 | Michigan (USA) | [60] |
| 1/21 (4.8%) | 7.55 | Serbia (South-Banat) | [54] | |
| 2/12 (16.7%) | 0.08–1.52 | Serbia (Middle-Banat) | ||
| 93/257 (36.2%) | 46.2–1984.9 * | Belgium | [70] | |
| ENN B1 | 6/90 (7%) | <LOD–7.94 | Michigan (USA) | [60] |
| 1/21 (4.8%) | 4.89 | Serbia (South-Banat) | [54] | |
| 1/6 (16.7%) | 0.22 | Serbia (West-Backa) | ||
| 2/12 (16.7%) | 0.20–16.3 | Serbia (Middle-Banat) | ||
| CUL | 18/123 (15%) | 13.3–465 | South Africa | [26] |
| 125/158 (79.1%) | 190–6680 | Europe (various countries) | [63] ** | |
| BUT | 35/123 (28%) | <LOQ–214 | South Africa | [26] |
| 30/158 (19%) | 28.9–583 | Europe (various countries) | [63] | |
| FA | 24/123 (20%) | 57–195 | South Africa | [26] |
| 35//158 (22.2%) | 229–4120 | Europe (various countries) | [63] | |
| Bikaverin | 82/123 (67%) | <LOQ–651 | South Africa | [26] |
| 42/158 (26.6%) | 20.3–415 | Europe (various countries) | [63] ** | |
| 15Hydroxyculmorin | 49/123 (40%) | <LOQ–2022 | South Africa | [26] |
| 84/158 (53.2%) | 229–1670 | Europe (various countries) | [63] | |
| 5Hydroxyculmorin | 18/123 (15%) | <LOQ–578 | South Africa | [26] |
| 19/158 (12%) | 571–1480 | Europe (various countries) | [63] ** | |
| Apicidin | 2/123 (1.6%) | 2.9–15.4 | South Africa | [26] |
| 79/123 (50%) | 9.49–175 | Europe (various countries) | [63] ** | |
| Aurofusarin | 89/123 (72%) | <LOQ–5470 | South Africa | [26] |
| Epiequisetin | 19/123 (15%) | <LOQ–18.9 | ||
| Equisetin | 30/123 (24%) | <LOQ–129 | ||
| Fusarinolic acid | 24/123 (20%) | <LOQ–3422 | ||
| Acuminatum B | 12/123 (9.8%) | <LOQ–219 | ||
| Acuminatum C | 7/123 (5.7%) | <LOQ–204 | ||
| Chlamydospordiol | 2/123 (1.7%) | 2.1–5.1 | ||
| Chlamydosporol | 1/123 (0.8%) | 87.0–26.9 | ||
| Chrysogin | 48/123 (30%) | <LOQ–7.7 | ||
| Siccanol | 91/123 (74%) | 34.6–252 | ||
| Fusapyron | 38/123 (31%) | <LOQ–18.0 |
Median-maximum, * no data about minimum content, ** maize silage [63].