Table 3.
Recent selected applications of SPE for analysis of pharmaceuticals and drugs in different environmental and biological samples
| Adsorbent type | Sample type | Drugs | Extraction technique | Chromatographic system | LOD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiO2 nanoparticles and C-nanofibers modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanospheres (TiO2@Fe3O4@C-NFs) | Drug formulations and surface water samples | Ibuprofen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and azo dye | MSPE | HPLC–DAD | 0.95 µg/L | [111] |
| Graphene oxide-Fe3O4 nanocomposite | Urine | Morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, codeine, cocaine, dolantin, and benzoylecgonine | MSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.02–0.2 µg/L | [112] |
| Nano-Fe3O4@Fe-(benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) | Water | Bezafibrate, clofibric acid, clofibrate, gemfibrozil, and fenofibrate | DSPE | HPLC–UV–Vis and UPLC-MS/MS | 4–99 μg/L | [113] |
| Molecularly imprinted polymer | Human plasma | Gliclazide | MISPE | HPLC–UV | 1 μg/L | [114] |
| Starch-Mg/Al layered double hydroxide composites | Hospital waste water, river water, sewage treatment plant water, and tablet formulations | Aspirin, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, N-benzylphenethylamine, diclofenac, and ibuprofen | SPE | GC–MS | 4–20 pg/mL | [115] |
| Fe3O4/graphene oxide-COOH nanocomposite | Plasma, hospital waste, and river water | Ciprofloxacin, tramadol, and famotidine | MSPE | UV Spectrophotometer | 0.005–0.025 mg/L | [116] |
| Mixed-mode cation exchange sorbent | Eggs | 78 Veterinary drugs from different classes | DSPE | UPLC-MS/MS | 0.03–0.33 µg/kg | [117] |
| Magnetic covalent organic framework | Milk | Diclofenac sodium | MSPE | HPLC–UV/MS | 10 ng/kg | [118] |
| Zirconium-based metal–organic framework UiO-66-NH2 modified cotton fiber (CF@UiO-66-NH2) | Shrimp and fish muscle tissues | Ketoprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, diclofenac sodium, and ibuprofen | SPE | UPLC-DAD | 0.12–3.5 ng/L | [119] |
| Cu-based metal–organic framework (MOF-199) | Human plasma and water samples | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | SPE | HPLC–UV | 0.01–0.02 ng/L | [120] |
| Strong cation exchange group-bonded silica (SCX, InertSep SCX); a pentafluorophenyl group-bonded silica (PFP, SiliaPrep), and a hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced polymeric sorbent (Oasis PRiME HLB 6 cc Vac) | Ranitidine, metformin, nizatidine, valsartan, and telmisartan drug formulations | N-Nitrosodimethylamine | SPE | HPLC–MS/MS | 0.2–3 ng/L | [121] |
| Polystyrene coated Fe3O4-nanoparticles | Aqueous solution | Antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline HCl, Escitalopram oxalate, and sertraline HCl) | D-µ-SPE | GC–MS | 0.49–0.59 ng/L | [122] |
| Molecularly imprinted polymer | Water | Nevirapine, venlafaxine, methocarbamol, carbamazepine, and etilefrine | SPE | HPLC–MS | 0.03–0.31 ng/L | [123] |
| (Z)-Octadec-9-en-1-aminium tetrachloroferrate (III) ionic liquid | Wastewater and human urine | Clomipramine, ketoprofen, and loperamide | DSPE | GC–MS and HPLC–DAD | 2.3–2.9 μg/L | [124] |
SPE solid-phase extraction, MSPE magnetic solid-phase extraction, DSPE dispersive solid-phase extraction, D-µ-SPE dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction, MISPE molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction, HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography, UPLC ultra-pressure liquid chromatography, GC gas chromatography, MS mass spectrometry, UV ultraviolet detector, DAD diode array detector, LOD limit of detection