Table 4.

Recent selected applications of SPE for analysis of pesticide residues in different samples

Adsorbent type	Sample type	Pesticides	Extraction technique	Chromatographic system	LOD	References
Magnetic amino-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes	Water	Futriafol, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, napropamide, epoxiconazole, fipronil and diniconazole	MSPE	HPLC–MS/MS	0.3–1.5 ng/L	[180]
Poly[oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylene(1-methylethylidene)-1,4-phenylene]	Fruit juice samples	Chlorpyrifos, ametryn, clodinafop–propargyl, diniconazole, tebuconazole, oxadiazon, and penconazole	DSPE	GC-FID	0.34–1.2 ng/L	[181]
Hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced magnetic particles	Seawater	96 Multiclass pesticides	MSPE	HPLC–MS/MS	0.13–0.42 ng/L	[182]
Magnetic polymer (N-vinyl pyrrolidone-divinyl benzene)	Honey	38 Multiclass pesticides and 5 related metabolites	MSPE	HPLC–MS/MS	0.03–0.1 ng/L	[183]
Hydroxylated microporous organic network	Water and fruit juice samples	12 Triazine herbicides	SPE	HPLC–MS/MS	0.03–0.21 ng/L	[184]
4-Formylphenylboronic acid-modified crosslinked chitosan magnetic nanoparticle	Tea	6 Benzoylurea pesticides	MSPE	HPLC–DAD	0.2–0.7 µg/L	[185]
Fe3O4@COF	Citrus	Thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, carbendazim and thiabendazole	MSPE	HPLC–UV	0.27–1.22 µg/L	[186]
Magnetic iron (III) oxinate nanocomposite	Pineapple, pomegranate, peach, orange, fresh lemon, cucumber, and sour cherry juices	Chlorpyrifos, haloxyfop–R–methyl, oxadiazon, diniconazole, clodinafop–propargyl, fenpropathrin, and fenoxaprop–P–ethyl	MDSPE	GC-FID	0.23–0.57 µg/L	[187]
Amino- and carboxyl-functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica	Water	Pyrethroids and neonicotinoids	MSPE	HPLC-VWD	0.02–0.33 μg/L	[188]
Amino-functionalized magnetic covalent organic framework composite	Water, soil and tobacco leaves	Sulfonylurea herbicides	MSPE	HPLC-VWD	0.05–0.14 μg/L	[189]
Metal–Organic Framework MIL-101	Water	Polar phenoxycarboxylic acids	SPE	HPLC-VWD	0.052–0.160 ng/mL	[190]
Mesoporous silica sorbent with gold nanoparticles	Water	20 Organochlorine pesticides	SPE	GC-ECD	0.3–20 ng/L	[191]
Fe3O4/graphene oxide	Fruits	Malathion	MSPE	Colorimetric analysis	14 µg/L	[192]
C18, Florisil, Oasis HLB, XAD-4, and Chromosorb G/AW-DCMS	Water	39 Multiclass pesticides	D-µ-SPE	GC–MS	0.51 ng/L	[193]
Phenyl-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles	Cabbage	6 Organophosphorus pesticides (sulfotep, diazinon, tolclofos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, isofenphos, and ethion)	MSPE	GC-FID	0.08–0.15 μg/kg	[194]
Magnetic cyclodextrin crosslinked with tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (Fe3O4@TFN-CDPs)	Medicinal plants	Azole pesticides	MSPE	HPLC–UV	0.011–0.106 µg/Kg	[195]
Magnetic metal–organic frameworks	Water	Carbamate pesticides	MSPE	HPLC-VWD	0.015–1000 μg/L	[196]
Ti2C nanosheets	Fruit juice samples	Triazole pesticides	DSPE	HPLC–MS/MS	0.03–0.3 ng/L	[197]
Zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks	Water and fruit juices	8 Chiral pesticides	MSPE	HPLC–MS/MS	0.10–0.35 ng/L	[198]
Hydroxyl-functional magnetic porous organic polymer	Lemon juice and honey samples	Neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid)	MSPE	HPLC-VWD	0.03–3.0 ng/mL	[199]
Metal Organic Frameworks (A100 Al-based MOFs)	Food and water	Carbaryl	DSPME	UPLC-MS/MS	0.01 mg/L	[200]

SPE solid-phase extraction, MSPE magnetic solid-phase extraction, DSPE dispersive solid-phase extraction, MDSPE magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction, DSPME dispersive solid-phase microextraction, D-µ-SPE dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction, HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography, UPLC ultra-pressure liquid chromatography, GC gas chromatography, MS mass spectrometry, UV ultraviolet detector, VWD variable wavelength detector, DAD diode array detector, FID flame ionization detector, ECD electron capture detector, LOD limit of detection