Table 5.
Recent selected applications of SPE for analysis of food and beverage
| Adsorbent type | Sample type | Compounds | Extraction technique | Chromatographic system | LOD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covalent organic framework (COF-(1,3,5-trimethylphloroglucinol, benzidine)/Fe3O4) | Beer, juice drink, carbonated drink, milk-containing beverage, alcoholic beverage, tea beverage, fresh-made milk tea and solid beverage | Phthalate esters | MSPE | GC–MS/MS | 0.005–2.75 μg/L | [235] |
| Strong cation exchange SPE Oasis cartridges MCX | Carbonated drinks, beers and energy drinks) | 2-Methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole | SPE | HPLC–UV | 3.8–5 ng/L | [236] |
| Magnetic metal organic framework composite (Fe3O4@MOF-808) | Tea beverages and juice samples | Benzoylurea insecticides | MSPE | HPLC–UV | 0.04–0.15 ng/L | [237] |
| Porous composite of metal–organic and covalent organic frameworks (Fe3O4@TAPB-COF@ZIF-8) | Functional beverages | Bisphenols | MSPE | HPLC–UV | 0.04–0.05 ng/L | [238] |
| Magnetic ZnFe2O4 nanotubes | Beverage samples | Heavy metals (Mn II and MnVII) | MDMSPE | FAAS and AT-FAAS | 0.005–0.007 ng/L | [239] |
| Molecularly imprinted polymer | Non-dairy beverages | Aflatoxins (B1 and B2) | MIMSPE | HPLC–MS/MS | 0.085–0.21 μg/L | [240] |
| Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8/ fluorinated graphene coated SiO2 composites | Environmental and food samples | Chlorophenols | PT-SPE | HPLC–UV | 2–20 ng/L | [241] |
| Graphene oxide composite microspheres | Environmental water samples | Bisphenol endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, bisphenol B, bisphenol AF, and tetrabromobisphenol A) | DSPE | HPLC–MS/MS | 0.02–0.11 μg/L | [242] |
| Silica-based C18 sorbent | Commercial food drinks: fruit juices and soft drinks | Benzoic and sorbic acids | SPE | HPLC–DAD | 0.18–0.87 μg/L | [243] |
| MgO–SnO–Zeolite composites | Wastewater samples | Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn) | DSPE | ICP-OES | 0.08–0.45 μg/L | [244] |
| 3D N-doped magnetic porous carbon spheres | Food samples (orange juice and beer) | Biogenic amines (tryptamine, phenethylamine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine | MSPE | HPLC–UV | 0.06–0.07 ng/L | [245] |
SPE solid-phase extraction, MSPE magnetic solid-phase extraction, MDMSPE magnetic dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction, DSPE dispersive solid-phase extraction, MIMSPE molecularly imprinted micro-solid extraction, PT-SPE pipette tip solid-phase extraction, HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography, GC gas chromatography, MS mass spectrometry, UV ultraviolet detector, DAD diode array detector, FAAS flame atomic absorption spectrometry, AT-FAAS atom trapping-flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, LOD limit of detection