Table 3.

Cognitive function tests results at the beginning (PRE) and end (POST) of the intervention, in the five studies allocated to analysis. Data referred to the COPD patients enrolled in each study, whose n is reported on the top of the table for the two phases of the intervention.

Cognitive Function Test	Phase	Pereira et al., 2011	Aquino et al., 2015			Bonnevie et al., 2020	France et al., 2021	Andrianopoulos et al. 2021
			Whole cohort	CT	AT			NCI	CI
		N: pre = 34	N: pre = 28	N: pre = 14	N: pre = 14	N: pre = 56	N: pre = 67	N: pre = 35	N: pre = 25
		post = 34	post = 28	post = 14	post = 14	post = 37	post = 42	post = 35	post = 25
MoCA	PRE					22 (20, 26)	24.6 ± 3.2	27.4 ± 1.4	23.1 ± 2.5
	POST					25 (23, 28)**	26.2 ± 2.4*	27.9 ± 5.4a	23.3 ± 3.0a
S-MMSE	PRE							28.5 ± 1.1	27.0 ± 1.3
	POST							29.0 ± 0.8*	27.8 ± 1.2*
ACE-R	PRE							92.5 ± 3.6	81.7 ± 5.9
	POST							94.1 ± 3.0*	86.4 ± 5.1*
T-ICS	PRE							35.5 ± 1.9	32.6 ± 2.3
	POST							36.5 ± 1.6*	33.9 ± 2.3*
Rey test / RAVLT	PRE	Σ1−5: 43.5 ± 10.0 IR: 7.5 ± 3.3 DR: 8.4 ± 3.8	Σ1−5: 39.0 ± 9.5 IR: – DR: 7.6 ± 2.4	Σ1−5: 41.7 ± 10.5 IR: – DR: 8.3 ± 2.7	Σ1−5: 36.1 ± 7.8 IR: – DR: 7.0 ± 1.8
	POST	Σ1−5: 49.7 ± 8.9*a IR: 8.7 ± 2.3*a DR: 9.5 ± 2.8*a	Σ1−5: 38.9 ± 8.8 IR: – DR: 8.6 ± 2.6*	Σ1−5: 41.6 ± 9.0 IR: – DR: 9.6 ± 2.8**	Σ1−5: 36.1 ± 7.9 IR: – DR: 7.6 ± 2.0
F-A-S Test	PRE	21.1 ± 1.0
	POST	21.7 ± 7.3a
Digit Span	PRE	10.7 ± 2.8
	POST	10.4 ± 1.9a
Stroop Test	PRE	1st trial: 22 (12–38) 2nd trial: 28.0 ± 6.4
	POST	1st trial: 20.1 ± 4.8a 2nd trial: 28.1 ± 6.3a
Attentive Matrices Test	PRE		61.9 ± 7.2	62.2 ± 9.4	61.7 ± 4.4
	POST		64.7 ± 6.8**	64.6 ± 8.3**	64.9 ± 5.1**
Raven Test	PRE		26.8 ± 4.6	27.7 ± 4.6	25.9 ± 4.7
	POST		28.0 ± 4.1*	29.4 ± 3.4**	26.5 ± 4.3**
Drawing Copy	PRE		48.4 ± 11.5	47.4 ± 11.3	49.4 ± 12.1
	POST		52.8 ± 9.3*	53.1 ± 9.3**	52.6 ± 9.6**
Verbal Fluency Test	PRE		34.8 ± 11.8	35.7 ± 3.5	33.9 ± 10.3
	POST		39.3 ± 12.7*	40.7 ± 14.7*	37.9 ± 10.7*

Data are reported as mean ± SD, or median(range). MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; S-MMSE, Standardized Mini-Mental Status Examination; ACE-R, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised; T-ICS, Interview for Cognitive Status (administered face-to-face); RAVLT, The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; F-A-S Test, The Oral Fluency Test; CT, Combined training group; AT, Aerobic training group; NCI, no cognitive impaired; CI, cognitive impaired; Σ₁₋₅, score derived by the sum of RAVLT trials 1 to 5, index of immediate recall ability; IR, immediate recall; DR, delayed recall.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^a Data recalculated from original work results.