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. 2022 May 14;92(6):1757–1766. doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-02104-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Change in the population due to antibiotic exposure in the Antibiotic Exposure Cohort (n = 216). The difference-in-difference model for the relative abundance change between exposed and unexposed infants across the two timepoints was adjusted for sample age, duration of breastfeeding, delivery mode, sex, gestational age, antibiotic use immediately following birth, study cohort, and a random effect for each subject. b Change in the population due to antibiotic exposure in NHBCS infants (n = 183). c Change in the population due to antibiotic exposure in NHBCS infants that did not attend day care by 1 year (n = 91). d Change in the population due to antibiotic exposure in NHBCS infants that did attend day care by 1 year (n = 76). b was adjusted for the same variables as a with the exception of study cohort and addition of day care attendance by 1 year. c and d models were adjusted for the same variables as b except for day care attendance by 1 year. For all plots, the 15 species with the greatest absolute change are shown. Species are ordered by the point estimate for the relative abundance change.