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. 2022 Nov 8;12(11):e061589. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061589

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Hypothetical age distribution of official COVID-19 and excess deaths in 2020, using country age-specific mortality rates and the US population age distribution. Notes: Countries with fewer than 2000 official COVID-19 deaths are excluded. The age groups available to compute excess deaths for Brazil and Israel differ from those available in other countries. For Brazil and Israel, the age groups are: 0–39 years, 40–49 years, 50–59 years, 60–69 years, 70–79 years, 80+ years; Negative excess deaths estimated in the Philippines (age groups 0–44 years, 75–84 years and 85+ years), Slovenia (55–64 years) and Scotland (0–44 years) are recoded to zero. Countries are sorted by 2019 GNI per capita (PPP).