Table 1.

Representative sample of the collective intelligence factor research stream.

Prior research	Definition collective intelligence	Research questions	Study number	Sample	Number of teams	Treatment	Research design	Major findings
Woolley et al. (2010)	“the general ability of the group to perform a wide variety of tasks” p. 687	Does a collective intelligence factor exist for groups of people?	Study 1	General population United States	40	Face-to-face	Observational design using correlations	- Empirical support for existence c-factor - Individual intelligence score is not correlated with c-factor - C-factor predicts group performance better than average or maximum individual intelligence - Average social sensitivity predicts c-factor - Number of speaking turns is negatively correlated with the c-factor
			Study 2		152
Engel et al. (2014)	“It is a measure of the general effectiveness of a group on a wide range of tasks” p. 3	Does the c-factor arise in online groups and what is the role of social sensitivity?	Study 1	General population United States	32	Face-to-face	Observational design using correlations	- Empirical support for existence c-factor - Reading the mind in the eyes test predicts the c-factor in face-to-face and online conditions - Total amount of communication positively correlates with the c-factor
					36	Online
Engel et al. (2015)	“is a property of groups that emerges from the coordination and collaboration of members and predicts group performance on a wide range of task” p. 3769	Does the c-factor emerge across a variety of settings?	Study 1	General population United States	68	Face-to-face; text chat	Meta-analytic design using factor analytic approaches and correlations	- Empirical support for existence of the c-factor in different cultural settings, across communication media and group contexts - C-factor is correlated with performance on complex tasks
			Study 2	German student sample	25	Face-to-face; video; voice; text chat
			Study 3	Japanese organizational context	116	Online
Barlow and Dennis (2016)	“an ability of groups to perform consistently well across a variety of group-based tasks’’ p. 685	How does the c-factor manifest itself in computer mediated communication structures?	Study 1	Student sample in Midwestern university business school	86	Online	Correlational	- No empirical support for the existence of the c-factor in computer mediated context
Bates and Gupta (2017)	“strong general ability or group IQ factor” p. 46	What allows groups to behave intelligently?	Study 1	Student sample	26	Face-to-face	Correlational	- Empirical support for existence c-factor, but individual IQ accounted for the majority of group-IQ differences
			Study 2	General population India	40	Face-to-face	Correlational
			Study 3	General population Scotland	40	Face-to-face	Correlational
Kim et al. (2017)	“ability of the group to perform across a wide variety of tasks” p. 2	Does the c-factor translates into the world of teams in online video games?	Study 1	Gamers in North America	248	Online	Correlational	- The c-factor predicts a team’s future performance in League of Legend game - Social perceptiveness is a significant positive predictor of the c-factor