TABLE 6.

Action potential (AP), Ca²⁺ transients (CaT), and active tension (AT) calculated biomarkers in spontaneous condition and their comparison with Paci2020 and hiPSC-CM-CE model (i.e. no metabolite-sensitive CE) and the experimental values (Paci et al., 2018; Paci et al., 2020). APA: AP amplitude, MDP: maximum diastolic potential, CL: cycle length, dV/dt max: maximum upstroke velocity, APD₁₀ and APD₃₀ and APD₉₀: AP duration at 10, 30, 90% of repolarization, respectively, AP Tri: AP triangulation index. The simulated biomarkers of CaT are DURATION: duration of the transient, tRise_{10, peak}: time to peak, tRise_{10, 50} and tRise_{10, 90}: rise time from 10 to 50% and 90% of maximum threshold, respectively, and tDecay_90,10: decay time from 90 to 10%. AT: Active tension, RT₅₀: time from peak contraction to 50% of relaxation, %FS: percent of fractional shortening. The experimental ranges for contraction biomarkers are from (Forouzandehmehr et al., 2021). The third column is taken directly from the original Paci2020 publication (Paci et al., 2020).

No.	Biomarker	Paci2020	hiPSC-CM-CE	hiMCE	Exp. Value (Mean ± SD)
1	APA (mV)	102	103	103	104 ± 6
2	MDP (mV)	-74.9	-75.0	-75.0	-75.6 ± 6.6
3	AP CL (ms)	1712	1644	1644	1700 ± 548
4	dV/dt max (V/s)	20.5	23.9	24.0	27.8 ± 26.3
5	APD10 (ms)	87.0	95.0	95.1	74.1 ± 26.3
6	APD30 (ms)	224	238	238	180 ± 59
7	APD90 (ms)	390	403	403	415 ± 119
8	AP Tri	2.8	2.9	3	2.5 ± 1.1
9	CaT DURATION (ms)	691	693	693	805 ± 188
10	CaT tRise10, peak (ms)	184	163	163	270 ± 108
11	CaT tRise10,50 (ms)	54.9	46.2	45.9	82.9 ± 50.5
12	CaT tRise10,90 (ms)	118	102	102	167 ± 70
13	CaT tDecay90,10 (ms)	341	343	343	410 ± 100
14	AT magnitude (kPa)	-	0.055	0.055	0.055 ± 0.009
15	RT50 (ms)	-	161	158	158 ± 12.1
16	%FS	-	3.45	3.23	3.27 ± 0.37