TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to LVH diagnosis by Echo or ECG
| Variable | LVH by both ECG and Echo (no. = 151) | LVH by ECG (no. = 181) | LVH by Echo (no. = 415) | No LVH (no. = 996) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.3 ± 11.9 | 60.4 ± 10.9 | 62.6 ± 11.1 | 60.3 ± 10.7 | .004 |
| Male | 78 (51.6%) | 130 (71.8%) | 129 (31.0%) | 575 (57.7%) | < .0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.3 | 24.7 ± 3.0 | 25.9 ± 3.5 | 25.5 ± 3.2 | .001 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 131.3 ± 25.7 | 90.0 ± 13.4 | 119.6 ± 18.6 | 84.9 ± 14.4 | < .001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 153.3 ± 21.1 | 152.5 ± 19.5 | 150.6 ± 18.9 | 145.9 ± 15.7 | < .0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 88.1 ± 14.4 | 88.4 ± 13.2 | 87.2 ± 12.9 | 86.7 ± 11.1 | .212 |
| Heart rate (/min) | 74.9 ± 12.9 | 75.7 ± 10.9 | 73.9 ± 12.9 | 78.1 ± 13.5 | .040 |
| Prior treatment of hypertension | 86 (66.1%) | 92 (60.5%) | 272 (72.7%) | 623 (71.3%) | .023 |
| Family history of hypertension | 42 (37.1%) | 52 (41.6%) | 103 (35.5%) | 301 (41.1%) | .351 |
| Current smoking | 13 (12.5%) | 18 (14.2%) | 19 (6.8%) | 91 (12.4%) | .012 |
| Previous disease history | |||||
| Heart failure | 5 (3.3%) | 6 (3.3%) | 9 (2.1%) | 18 (1.8%) | .449 |
| Myocardial infarction | 10 (6.6%) | 22 (12.1%) | 49 (11.8%) | 144 (14.4%) | .046 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 7 (4.6%) | 3 (1.6%) | 10 (2.4%) | 31 (3.1%) | .397 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | > .999 |
| Ischemic stroke | 10 (6.6%) | 6 (3.3%) | 23 (5.7%) | 41 (4.1%) | .272 |
| End‐stage renal disease | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 5 (1.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | .009 |
| Blood chemistry | |||||
| WBC (10 6 /L) | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 1.7 | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 6.8 ± 2.1 | .122 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.0 ± 1.8 | 14.4 ± 1.4 | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 14.1 ± 1.6 | < .0001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 17.9 ± 7.2 | 15.5 ± 5.6 | 16.9 ± 7.3 | 16.1 ± 5.2 | .0007 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | .078 |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min) | 73.2 ± 21.0 | 79.5 ± 19.8 | 70.4 ± 19.9 | 74.8 ± 17.1 | < .0001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 106.6 ± 28.6 | 107.8 ± 29.4 | 105.9 ± 26.8 | 109.5 ± 29.3 | .162 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 140.7 ± 3.8 | 141.1 ± 2.1 | 141.2 ± 2.2 | 140.9 ± 2.2 | .072 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | .229 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.3 ± 9.4 | 25.9 ± 12.3 | 25.6 ± 17.4 | 25.3 ± 13.0 | .751 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25.2 ± 16.4 | 28.5 ± 19.8 | 26.2 ± 23.8 | 27.9 ± 20.6 | .271 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.9 ± 39.9 | 189.2 ± 35.0 | 187.9 ± 38.3 | 189.6 ± 40.6 | .413 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 153.3 ± 107.4 | 162.8 ± 106.4 | 144.3 ± 88.4 | 155.0 ± 96.0 | .169 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.9 ± 13.8 | 49.8 ± 13.8 | 51.2 ± 13.7 | 50.6 ± 14.1 | .74 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.0 ± 29.7 | 114.2 ± 34.0 | 110.6 ± 34.1 | 114.9 ± 35.8 | .106 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | |||||
| Thiazide/thiazide‐like diuretic | 42 (27.8%) | 42 (23.2%) | 121 (29.1%) | 210 (21.0%) | .007 |
| CCB | 90 (59.6%) | 106 (58.5%) | 254 (61.2%) | 542 (54.4%) | .098 |
| ACE‐I | 16 (10.6%) | 8 (4.4%) | 28 (6.7%) | 45 (4.5%) | .012 |
| ARB | 91 (60.2%) | 100 (55.2%) | 261 (62.8%) | 579 (57.1%) | .256 |
| Beta‐blocker | 66 (43.7%) | 70 (38.6%) | 147 (35.4%) | 341 (34.2%) | .119 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 1 (0.6%) | 5 (2.7%) | 11 (2.6%) | 18 (1.8%) | .393 |
| Alpha‐blocker | 3 (1.9%) | 3 (1.6%) | 7 (1.6%) | 9 (0.9%) | .476 |
| Single‐pill combination | .090 | ||||
| ACE‐I/ARB with CCB | 27 (17.8%) | 29 (16.0%) | 50 (12.0%) | 152 (15.2%) | |
| ARB with diuretic | 26 (17.2%) | 22 (12.1%) | 81 (19.5%) | 145 (14.5%) | |
| Other | 3 (1.9%) | 3 (1.6%) | 5 (1.2%) | 30 (3.0%) |
Abbreviations: ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT, alanine transferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; Echo, echocardiography; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HTN, hypertension;If cells with an expected frequency of 5 or less exceeded 20%. Fisher's exact test was performed instead of Chi‐squared test ;If the normality test was not significant, Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test was performed instead of Student's t‐test.; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell.