TABLE 2.

Actions of metformin through AMPK activation.

SL. no.	Action	Effects precipitated by AMPK activation	References
1	Anti-inflammatory	Dissociates PARP-1 from BCL-6 intron additionally, increase BCL-6’s expression	Gongol et al. (2013), Cameron et al. (2016)
2	Anti-oxidant	Increases expression of thioredoxin	Apostolova et al. (2020)
3	Cardio-protective	Prevents the opening of mPTP	Driver et al. (2018)
4	Weight loss	Downregulation of hormone—ghrelin	Gagnon et al. (2012)
5	Effective in PCOS	Targets TNF-α	Kai et al. (2015)
6	Neuro-protective	Modulates autophagy	Wang et al. (2016), Sportelli et al. (2020)
7	Anti-cancer	Downregulates GF receptor levels	Lei et al. (2017)
8	COVID-19	Anti-viral (inhibits multiplication, and maturation, inhibit translation of viral proteins, regulate viral protein–host protein interactions) and modulates inflammation and the immune response in COVID-19	Sharma et al. (2020), Samuel et al. (2021)

BCL-6: B-cell lymphoma, mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, GF: growth factor, PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome, PARP-1: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1.