TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 99) |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Male | 68 (67.7) |
| Female | 32 (32.2) |
| Age in years, M (SD) | 30.12 (9.43) |
| Education in years, M (SD) | 9.91 (4.79) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| Arabic | 45 (45.4) |
| Kurdish | 32 (32.3) |
| Afghan | 15 (15.2) |
| Other | 7 (7.1) |
| Time in Germany in months, M (SD) | 16.56 (12.92) |
| Stage of asylum proceedings, n (%) | |
| Asylum request in process | 29 (29.3) |
| In appeal against rejected asylum | 32 (32.3) |
| Temporary residence permit | 38 (38.4) |
| German proficiency, M (SD)a | 6.00 (7.02) |
| Employment/vocational training, n (%) | 48 (48.5) |
| Number of losses, M (SD)b | 5.67 (6.47) |
| Number of traumatic events, M (SD)c | 7.11 (3.53) |
| Homesickness (UHS), M (SD) | 2.97 (0.80) |
| Factor 1: adjustment difficulties/lonelinessd | 1.91 (0.92) |
| Factor 2: ruminations about homed | 1.45 (0.91) |
| Factor 3: missing family and/or friendsd | 2.07 (0.93) |
| Prolonged grief symptoms (TGI-SR), M (SD) | 47.03 (20.05) |
| Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PCL-5), M (SD) | 31.39 (18.33) |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), M (SD) | 9.59 (6.74) |
aParticipants were asked for how many months they have been studying German.
bIncludes family members or friends reported as missing.
cA sum score of the number of personally experienced and/or witnessed traumatic events was calculated.
dScores are standardized (z-scores).