TABLE 4.
Multiple regression analyses to predict homesickness (UHS total and factor scores).
| UHS total | (1) Adjustment difficulties/loneliness | (2) Ruminations about home | (3) Missing family and/or friends | |||||||||
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| Predictor | B (SE) | β | p | B (SE) | β | p | B (SE) | β | p | B (SE) | β | p |
| Gendera | –0.14 (0.15) | –0.08 | 0.354 | –0.09 (0.17) | –0.04 | 0.592 | 0.04 (0.17) | 0.02 | 0.820 | –0.45 (0.19) | –0.22 | 0.023 |
| Age | –0.01 (0.01) | –0.03 | 0.713 | –0.01 (0.01) | –0.11 | 0.254 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 | 0.902 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.03 | 0.743 |
| Time in Germany | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.05 | 0.636 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.34 | 0.002 | –0.01 (0.01) | –0.10 | 0.341 | –0.02 (0.01) | –0.23 | 0.051 |
| Stage of asylum proceedingsb | 0.43 (0.21) | 0.26 | 0.051 | 0.05 (0.23) | 0.03 | 0.815 | 0.75 (0.23) | 0.40 | 0.002 | 0.33 (0.27) | 0.17 | 0.215 |
| Number of lossesc | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.09 | 0.409 | –0.01 (0.02) | –0.06 | 0.548 | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.25 | 0.030 | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04 | 0.725 |
| Grief symptoms (TGI-SR) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.08 | 0.415 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.07 | 0.479 | –0.01 (0.00) | –0.06 | 0.507 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.20 | 0.074 |
| Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PCL-5) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.27 | 0.018 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.26 | 0.013 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.15 | 0.164 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.03 | 0.758 |
| Depression (PHQ-9) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.21 | 0.040 | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.28 | 0.005 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.08 | 0.372 | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 | 0.973 |
| adjusted R2/F | 0.19/3.85*** | 0.26/5.39*** | 0.24/4.95*** | 0.07/1.96 | ||||||||
Values in bold refer to significant p values.
UHS, Utrecht Homesickness Scale; TGI-SR, Traumatic Grief Inventory Self-Report Version; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire. aCoded as 0 “male,” 1 “female.” bCoded as 0 “uncertain” (i.e., asylum request in process or in appeal against rejected asylum proceedings), 1 “certain” (i.e., temporary residence permit); cIncludes family members or friends reported as missing.
***p < 0.001.