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. 2022 Oct 31;13:1033483. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033483

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Copyright © 2022 Hoden, DeRubeis, Martinez-Moczygemba, Ramos and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The roles of TLRs in lung cancer. Left panel: Human TLR1 to TLR9 recognize their ligands in pathogens (PAMPs) to activate MyD88-dependent (for all TLRs except TLR3) and TRIF-dependent (only for TLR3 and TLR4) pathways to induce innate immune responses in lung cancer. The activation of TLRs can show both pro- and anti-tumor activities depending on the setting. Right panel: Human TLR2 to TLR4 recognize endogenous ligands (DAMPs) in lung cancer, but these recognitions appear to induce only pro-cancer activity ( Table 1 ). This figure was generated using BioRender.