Table 5.

Studies targeting HMGB1 in epilepsy.

S.N.	Study model	Treatment	Mode of inhibition	Observations	References
1	Pilocarpine-induced SE mouse model	GL	Release inhibition	Decreases levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione in brain regions	(82)
2	Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy mouse model	anti-HMGB1 mAb	Neutralization	Attenuates damage such as increased intracellular space in the hippocampus caused by seizures in epileptic mice	(83)
3	Pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy zebrafish model	GL	Release inhibition	Anticonvulsant Inhibits HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway	(84)
4	Lithium-pilocarpine induced epilepsy mouse model	GL	Release inhibition	Inhibits the translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Improves the neuronal damage in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus after SE Protects BBB	(85)