Table 3.
The associations of high maternal urinary antibiotic concentrations with allergic diseases, skin prick test positivity for food allergens and common inhaled allergens at age 5 years, and diarrhea at age 2 years.
| Allergy–related outcomes | n (%)a | Crude odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | ||
| Wheeze | 60 (23.90) | ||
| Low–antibiotic group | 22 (19.47) | Ref | Ref |
| High–antibiotic group | 38 (27.54) | 1.57 (0.87, 2.86) | 1.20 (0.60, 2.42) |
| Asthma | 52 (20.72) | ||
| Low–antibiotic group | 21 (18.58) | Ref | Ref |
| High–antibiotic group | 31 (22.46) | 1.27 (0.68, 2.36) | 1.05 (0.51, 2.17) |
| Atopic dermatitis | 55 (21.91) | ||
| Low–antibiotic group | 23 (20.54) | Ref | Ref |
| High–antibiotic group | 32 (23.19) | 1.17 (0.64, 2.14) | 1.10 (0.55, 2.17) |
| Diarrhea | 79 (43.65) | ||
| Low–antibiotic group | 34 (44.16) | Ref | Ref |
| High–antibiotic group | 45 (43.27) | 0.96 (0.53, 1.75) | 0.86 (0.43, 1.72) |
| SPT positivity for common inhaled allergens | 100 (45.45) | ||
| Low–antibiotic group | 43 (43.88) | Ref | Ref |
| High–antibiotic group | 57 (47.11) | 1.14 (0.67, 1.95) | 0.90 (0.49, 1.66) |
| SPT positivity for food allergens | 18 (8.96) | ||
| Low–antibiotic group | 2 (2.27) | Ref | Ref |
| High–antibiotic group | 16 (14.16)* | 7.09 (1.59, 31.74) | 6.03 (1.21, 30.04) |
CI, confidence interval; SPT, skin prick test.
The number and percentage of allergic diseases, diarrhea, and SPT positivity for food allergens and common inhaled allergens in the low–antibiotic group and the high–antibiotic group.
The symbol indicates significant differences between the incidence of the low–antibiotic group and the high–antibiotic group.
Models for adjusted odd ratios include offspring sex, maternal education status at delivery, gestational age, breastfeeding during the first 6 months, and offspring body mass index at 5 years of age.