Table 4.

Associations between maternal urinary antibiotic concentrations (ng/g creatinine) and allergic diseases and skin prick test positivity for food allergens (five antibiotics with detection frequency above 50%).

Antibiotic	Asthma	Wheeze	Atopic dermatitis	SPT positivity for food allergens
	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)
Sulfonamides
Sulfamethoxazole
<Median (26.58)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥Median (26.58)	0.99 (0.54, 1.82)	0.91 (0.51, 1.62)	0.60 (0.32, 1.09)	1.51 (0.57, 3.99)
Trimethoprim
<Median (14.63)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥Median (14.63)	0.90 (0.49, 1.65)	0.91 (0.51, 1.62)	2.00 (1.08, 3.71)	2.07 (0.74, 5.74)
Fluoroquinolones
Norfloxacin
<Median (43.74)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥Median (43.74)	0.99 (0.54, 1.82)	1.18 (0.66, 2.11)	1.24 (0.68, 2.26)	5.52 (1.54, 19.71)
Enrofloxacin
<Median (15.38)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥Median (15.38)	1.79 (0.96, 3.34)	2.22 (1.22, 4.05)	1.13 (0.62, 2.05)	2.02 (0.73, 5.62)
Ciprofloxacin
<Median (78.29)	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥Median (78.29)	1.20 (0.65, 2.22)	1.54 (0.86, 2.77)	0.71 (0.39, 1.29)	1.59 (0.59, 4.28)

CI, confidence interval; SPT, skin prick test.