Table 5. Overview of endoscopic findings and presenting features in 23 published case reports of small intestinal marginal zone lymphoma.
| First author/year | Age | Sex | Distribution of findings | Endoscopic technique | Erosions/ulcers | Endoscopic findings | Clinical presentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoshida N 2004 (23) | 72 | M | Ileum | DBE | + | Several ulcer scars with localized intestinal dilatation | GI-bleeding (recurrent hematochezia) |
| Pintérová Kolesárová M 2005 (26) | 42 | M | Proximal, jejunum | Push enteroscopy | + | Swollen transverse folds, absence of villi, multiple tortuous, winding vessels (pathological neo-vascularization) and erosions on the top of affected folds | Asymptomatic |
| Ohashi S 2006 (28) | 61 | F | Ileum | Ileocolonoscopy | − | Multiple polypoid lesions, absence of villi | Asymptomatic (positive FOBT) |
| Hirata N 2007 (30) | 50 | F | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum | EGD, Ileocolonoscopy | − | Multiple lymphomatous polyposis | Asymptomatic |
| Tai CM 2008 (31) | 41 | M | Jejunum | DBE | − | “White small intestine”: marbled appearance with diffuse polypoid lesions characterized by villous atrophy and superficial whitish streaks | Chronic diarrhea, weight loss |
| Yoneda K 2010 (34) | 75 | M | Jejunum | SBE | + | Shallow ulcer on the proximal side of a stricture | Diarrhea and bloating (small bowel obstruction) |
| Dolak W 2011 (36) | 70 | M | Jejunum | Push enteroscopy | − | Multiple whitish nodules | Asymptomatic |
| Murino A 2012 (39) | 58 | M | Jejunum | DBE | + | Large, sessile, ulcerated lesion | Abdominal pain, weight loss (small bowel intussusception) |
| Yanai S 2012 (40) | 62 | M | Ileum | DBE | − | Coarse, granular mucosa | Abdominal pain (small bowel obstruction) |
| Terada T 2013 (41) | 35 | F | Ileum | Ileocolonoscopy | + | Multiple tumors and ulcers of the entire ileum | Abdominal pain, GI-bleeding |
| Chen CT 2013 (9) | 51 | M | Jejunum | DBE | + | Eccentric ulcerating-scarring area | Abdominal pain and positive FOBT |
| Liang S 2013 (42) | 65 | F | Ileum | SBE | − | 4-cm long annular mass in the mid-ileum | GI-bleeding (recurrent hematochezia) |
| Koc G 2013 (43) | 67 | M | Jejunum | Enteroscopy | + | Nodular mucosal pattern and ulcerations with exudate | GI-bleeding (rectal bleeding), weight loss |
| Pyo JH 2013 (44) | 67 | M | Middle ileum | VCE, DBE | + | Arterial spurting from an irregular ulcerative lesion with severe luminal stricture | GI-bleeding (hematochezia), abdominal pain |
| Nadatani Y 2014 (45) | 78 | F | Jejunum | VCE, DBE | + | Multiple ulcerative lesions covered with coagula | GI-bleeding (melena), anemia |
| Tsukamoto A 2014 (46) | 73 | F | Jejunum, Ileum | DBE | + | Irregular nodular mucosal lesions with erosions | PLE, abdominal discomfort, weight loss |
| Fukushima M 2014 (48) | 78 | F | Proximal ileum | SBE | + | Disordered fold pattern and irregularly shaped ulcers with bleeding | GI-bleeding (melena) |
| Inada R 2016 (57) | 60 | F | Ileum | VCE, DBE | + | Large cystic dilatation of the ileum containing a shallow ulcer with blood clots | GI-bleeding (melena) |
| Chehl N 2018 (62) | 59 | F | Middle jejunum | DBE | + | Short, ulcerated stricture | Abdominal pain (small bowel obstruction) |
| Cai ZS 2019 (64) | 67 | M | Jejunum | SBE | + | Annular stricture lesion with superficial erosions, ulcerations and prestenotic dilatation | Abdominal pain (small bowel obstruction) |
| Bennani A 2019 (66) | 50 | M | Ileum | Ileocolonoscopy | + | Ulcerative and hemorrhagic lesions of the ileum and pseudopolypoid appearance | Abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea alternating with constipation |
| Stundiene I 2020 (67) | 50 | M | Stomach, jejunum | Enteroscopy | + | 1.5 cm ulcer in the jejunum | Abdominal pain, GI-bleeding (melena), weight loss |
| Our case (Markopoulos K 2022) | 57 | M | Jejunum, ileum | Ileocolonoscopy, push enteroscopy, VCE, SBE | + | Multiple fibrin-covered ulcerations, aphthous erosions, white villi, fine mucosal nodularity, denuded areas, circumferential erythema, polypoid lymphangiectasia, focal lymphangiectasia with diminutive whitish granules, ulcers with adherent blood clots | Abdominal pain, bloating, lactose intolerance, urticaria, weight loss |
EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; DBE, double-balloon enteroscopy; FOBT, fecal occult blood test; PLE, protein-losing enteropathy; SBE, single-balloon enteroscopy; VCE, video capsule endoscopy; GI, gastrointestinal.