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. 2022 Nov 14;8:240. doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01198-7

Table 7.

Baseline to 3-month changes in clinical and psychosocial outcomes (n=20)

Outcome Mean (SD) Percent change Effect size
Pre Post
Primary outcomes
 Hemoglobin A1ca 8.0 (2.4) 7.8 (2.1) −3% 0.14
 Medication nonadherence 16.1 (4.0) 14.7 (3.9) −9% 0.35
Secondary outcomes
 Blood pressure, systolica 127.6 (19.9) 129.9 (20.0) +2% 0.20
 Blood pressure, diastolica 80.9 (13.7) 81.9 (10.2) +1% 0.13
 Necessity of taking medicines 19.1 (5.7) 20.3 (5.0) +7% 0.30
 Concerns about taking medicines 16.6 (5.6) 15.9 (5.2) −4% 0.20
 Negative beliefs about diabetes 40.3 (11.6) 36.7 (10.6) −9% 0.38
 Self-efficacy 31.9 (5.0) 33.0 (5.2) +4% 0.20
 Patient provider communication 15.6 (2.0) 15.9 (2.2) +2% 0.11
 Social support 59.2 (22.6) 60.1 (17.2) +2% 0.16
 Diabetes empowerment 30.9 (10.3) 31.3 (7.6) +1% 0.07
 Health literacy 3.1 (1.9) 2.9 (2.1) −3% 0.08

aBaseline data for clinical outcomes was collected for a buddy who did not complete the psychosocial measures, so n=21 for these outcomes