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. 2022 Nov 12;26(2):233–248. doi: 10.1007/s10456-022-09860-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Macrophage expression of CD11b and TIE2. A Multiplex immunohistochemistry depicts a diffuse infiltration of CD11b⁺ macrophages (red) in the perivascular connective tissue in COVID-19 hearts (COVID-19 patient ID 17), (cardiomyocytes green, nuclei blue), scale bar 100 µm. B Bar diagram showing relative infiltration of CD11b⁺ inflammatory cells in non-infected control (Ctrl), influenza (Inf), COVID-19 (CoV), and lymphocytic non-influenza myocarditis (Myo) heart specimens morphometrically assessed by multiplex immunohistochemistry (MPX). Cell counts are normalized to cells per mm² tissue. C Immunohistochemical staining against TIE2 demonstrates the perivascular localization of TIE2⁺ cells (red arrowheads) in the myocardium of a COVID-19 patient (COVID-19 patient ID 17), scale bar: 10 µm. D Bar diagram showing the infiltration of Tie-2⁺ inflammatory cells in non-infected control (Ctrl), influenza (Inf), COVID-19 (CoV), and lymphocytic non-influenza myocarditis (Myo) heart specimens. Cell counts are normalized to cells per mm² myocardial tissue. Due to the small sample size of lymphocytic non-influenza myocarditis and a high variance among the samples, no statistical tests for significance were carried out. COVID-19 specimens were subdivided into two cohorts of cases with a hospitalization time < 10d and > 10d. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001