Table 3.

TVIC Principles Code Descriptions and Sample Items, Stage 3.

Principle and Code Description	Sample Items Receiving Code
Principle 1: Understand trauma, violence, and its impacts on people’s lives and behavior Knowledge/understanding/training on trauma (including vicarious), violence (including structural), and the impacts on people and their behavior? This may include knowledge about appropriate initial responses to disclosure to minimize risk of further harm, for example, as well as policies or procedures in place indicating a culture of T(V)IC or anything to do with T(V)IC training	“Written policy is established committing to trauma informed practices.” (Richardson et al., 2010, 2012) “I understand how historical and structural oppression may create traumatic conditions and psychological trauma.” (Sundborg, 2019)
Principle 2: Create emotionally and physically safe environments for all clients and providers Addresses safety (physical, emotional, cultural, and spiritual), or aspects of place/space that contribute to perceptions of safety. Focuses on interactions that may influence perceived safety such being nonjudgmental, avoiding “triggering,” fostering connection/trust, providing clear information or ensuring confidentiality/privacy. Measures an aspect of provider safety (e.g., self-care)	“I felt safe and comfortable when I met with my service providers” (Clark et al., 2008) “Supervisors promote safety and resilience to STS by routinely attending to the risks and signs of STS” (Sprang et al., 2016)
Principle 3: Foster opportunities for choice, collaboration, and connection Emphasis on shared decision making or the service user having meaningful choice in their own care or involvement in how/what services are provided. The provider/organization offers choices that are feasible for people given life circumstances (e.g., poverty). Describes collaboration or communication between providers or organizations related to client care?	“Service users’ desires and preferences are given top priority in the treatment or service plan” (Bassuk et al., 2017) “I am encouraged to network and collaborate with coworkers and other organizations” (Hallinan et al., 2019)
Principle 4: Use a strengths-based and capacity-building approach to support clients What the service user brings (e.g., coping strategies, knowledge or strengths), their resilience, or a capacity-building approach to services (i.e., understanding where capacities lie and helping people to develop skills). Indicates that sufficient time is allowed for meaningful engagement, providing tailored/flexible program options to meet people’s needs, strengths, or situations	“Staff respect the strengths I have gained through my life experiences” (Goodman et al., 2016) “I ask the parents I work with how they cope with the difficult feelings that surround the trauma they have experienced” (Madden et al., 2017)
Implicit bias. Acknowledges that an individual/organization may unintentionally discriminate against, stereotype or have stigmatizing thoughts about people using services, and/or that this could influence care provision	No examples found

Note. TVIC = trauma- and violence-informed care; T(V)IC = trauma- (and violence-) informed care.