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. 2022 Sep 15;33(11):1803–1817. doi: 10.1177/09567976221100264

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© The Author(s) 2022

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Fig. 1. — Analysis diagram and bifactor model representation. The diagram in (a) shows the main analysis: cognitive change from age 11 to 70 as a predictor of cognitive change from age 70 to 82. Cognitive change from age 11 to 70 was estimated from Moray House Test No. 12 (MHT) scores. Change in general cognitive ability (g) from age 70 to 82 and in visuospatial (VIS), verbal memory (MEM), and processing speed (SPE) domains were estimated from Cognitive Battery (CB) scores at Waves 1 through 5 (w1–w5). The bifactor measurement model of cognitive level and change is shown in (b). Factor-of-curves models (not illustrated) were used to derive baseline level (bl) and slope (s) parameters for each cognitive task. General cognitive ability (g) baseline level and slope (left) and domain-specific baseline level and slope (right) were extracted as second-level latent factors from task parameters (center). BLD = Block Design; MTR = Matrix Reasoning; SSP = Spatial Span; VPA = Verbal Paired Associates; LGM = Logical Memory; DSB = Digit Span backward; SBS = Symbol Search; DSS = Digit-Symbol Substitution; ITT = inspection time; CRT = four-choice reaction time.