Table 1.

Characteristics of flavonoids exhibiting effective activities against AD in the review.

Flavonoid	Molecular	Source	Effects	Model and dose
Hesperidin	C28H34O15	unripe citrus fruit, like orange, grapefruit, lemon, etc.	anti-oxidative stress, prevent glutamate excitotoxicity, alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, reduce Aβ accumulation, attenuate cognitive deficit, etc.	kainic acid (KA)-induced rats model, 10 or 50 mg/kg [138], APP/PS1 mice model, 40 mg/kg for 90 days [87], 100 mg/kg for 10 days [88], APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice, 50 or 100 mg/kg for 16weeks [89].
Naringin	C27H32O14	citrus fruit, like citrus grandis, citrus paradise, etc.	anti-oxidation, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, memory improvement, etc.	gp120-induced rats model, 30 mg/kg [95], Swiss albino model mice, UCMS mice, 80 mg/kg for 21 days [93], female Wistar rats, 50 mg/kg [93]
Naringenin	C15H12O5	citrus fruit, like citrus grandis, citrus paradise, etc.	anti-oxidation, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammation, etc.	KO2-induced mice model, 50,150 mg/kg [139], Aβ-induced rats model [98], lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rats model, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day [99], intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) induced rats model, 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks [100], AlCl3+D-gal induced rats model, 50 mg/kg) for two weeks [101]
Nobiletin	C21H22O8	peel of citrus fruits, like shiikuwasa, oranges, lemons, etc.	anti-oxidation, improve learning and reduce memory impairment, reduce soluble Aβ and Aβ plaque, reverse tau hyperphosphorylation, etc.	OBX-, Aβ-, MK-801, LPS-induced mice model; Tg AD model mice, 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg [104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110]
Quercetin	C15H10O7	onions, apples, broccoli, and red wine, etc.	anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptotic, etc.	Aβ-induced rats model, 100 mg/kg for 18 day [115], APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic AD model mice, 20, 40 mg mg/day for 16 weeks [116], triple transgenic AD model (3xTg-AD) mice, 25 mg/kg for 3 months [117], thalassemic patients, 500 mg/day [114]
Rutin	C27H30O16	Ruta graveolens L., Scphora japonica L., etc.	improve memory deficit, scavenge superoxide radicals, increase antioxidant enzymatic activity, etc.	Aβ induced rats model, 100 mg/kg [119], female Wistar rats, 100 mg/kg [93]
Silibinin	C25H22O10	dried fruits and seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn	anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, ameliorates memory deficits, etc.	STZ- induced rats' model, Aβ25-35 induced mice model, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg [124, 128]; UVB-irradiated mice model, 50 mg/kg [125]
Anthocyanins	a kind of polyphenolic flavonoid	fruits, flowers, grains, and vegetables	anti-oxidation, reduce Aβ production, prevent tau phosphorylation, protect neurons damage, improve synapse function, enhance learning and memory, etc.	APP/PS1 mice model, 12 mg/kg [127] LPS-induced mice model, 24 mg/kg [129]; Aβ-induced mice model, 4 mg/kg [131]; ovariectomized rat, 200 mg/kg [134]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	C37H30O18	green tea	anti-oxidation, inhibit Aβ fibrillation, restrain tau phosphorylation, improve learning and memory, etc.	morphine-induced rats' model, 5 and 50 mg/kg [137]