Table 1.

Demographic characteristics

Characteristic	Cases (n=79)	Controls (n=316)	P value	Total (n=395)
Age (years)
Mean (SD)	20.19 (16.26)	20.55 (16.16)	0.85	20.47 (16.16)
Sex n (%)
Male	45 (57%)	186 (59%)	0.76	231 (58.5%)
Female	34 (43%)	130 (41%)		164 (41.5%)
Education
None	23 (29%)	68 (22%)	0.24	91 (23%)
Primary	28 (35%)	131 (41%)		159 (40%)
Secondary	22 (28%)	104 (33%)		126 (32%)
Tertiary	6 (8%)	13 (4%)		19 (5%)
Occupation
Formal employment	6 (8%)	18 (6%)	0.32	24 (6%)
Informal Employment	14 (18%)	58 (18%)		72 (18%)
Unemployed	12 (15%)	54 (17%)		66 (17%)
House wife	8 (10%)	61 (19%)		69 (18%)
Student	18 (23%)	66 (21%)		84 (21%)
Child not in school	21 (26%)	59 (19%)		80 (20%)
Means of transport
Bicycle	2 (3%)	1 (0.3%)	0.19	3 (1%)
Car	23 (29%)	81 (25.6%)		104 (26%)
Public transport	13 (16%)	66 (20.9%)		79 (20%)
Walking	41 (52%)	168 (53.2%)		209 (53%)
Average time taken to get to nearest health facility (min)	20.39 (14.36)	21.73(16.14)	0.67	21.07 (15.53)
Household asset index
0-4	36 (45%)	105 (34%)	0.28	141 (36%)
5-7	20 (25%)	87 (28%)		107 (28%)
8-12	17 (22%)	88 (29%)		105 (27%)
12+	6 (8%)	29 (9%)		35 (9%)
Number of household members	6.19 (2.85)	5.84 (2.39)	0.39	5.95 (2.47)
Consumed food at the market
No	44 (56%)	202 (64%)	0.18	246 (62%)
Yes	35 (44%)	114 36%)		149 38%)
Water source
Piped water	57 (72%)	256 (81.0%)	0.27	313 (79%)
Well	5 (6%)	11 (3.5%)		16 (4%)
Borehole	17 (22%)	45 (14.3%)		62 (16%)
Rain water	0 (0%)	2 (0.6%)		2 (0.5%)
Bottled water	0 (0%)	2 (0.6%)		2 (0.5%)
Water treated before use
No	36 (46%)	139 (44%)	0.8	175 (44%)
Yes	43 (54%)	177 (56%)		220 (56%)
Soap used when washing hands
No	36 (46%)	122 (39%)	0.26	158 (40%)
Yes	43 (54%)	194 (61%)		237 (60%)
Type of toilet
Private pit latrine	13 (17%)	63 (21%)	0.2	76 (20%)
Shared pit latrine	60 (79%)	214 (70%)		274 (72%)
Toilet inside house	1 (1%)	22 (7%)		23 (6%)
Other	2 (3%)	6 (2%)		8 (2%)