Table 2.
Characteristics at baseline and OR of physician consultation among individuals with (A) chronic pain or (B) headache
| (A) Chronic pain | Overall | Physician consultation | No physician consultation | DF | OR (LCL to UCL) | P-value |
| (n=506) | (n=57) | (n=449) | ||||
| Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 229 (45.3) | 32 (56.1) | 197 (43.9) | - | 1 | - |
| Female | 277 (54.7) | 25 (43.9) | 252 (56.1) | 1 | 0.61 (0.35 to 1.06) | 0.082 |
| Age, years | ||||||
| <40 | 119 (23.5) | 10 (17.5) | 109 (24.3) | - | 1 | - |
| 40–59 | 341 (67.4) | 40 (70.2) | 301 (67.0) | 1 | 1.45 (0.70 to 3.00) | 0.318 |
| ≥60 | 46 (9.1) | 7 (12.3) | 39 (8.7) | 1 | 1.96 (0.70 to 5.50) | 0.203 |
| Type of workstyle | ||||||
| Day shift, deskwork | 210 (41.5) | 21 (36.8) | 189 (42.1) | - | 1 | - |
| Shift work, deskwork | 99 (19.6) | 6 (10.5) | 93 (20.7) | 1 | 0.58 (0.23 to 1.49) | 0.257 |
| Day shift, other than deskwork | 13 (2.6) | 3 (5.3) | 10 (2.2) | 1 | 2.70 (0.69 to 10.59) | 0.154 |
| Shift work, other than deskwork | 184 (36.4) | 27 (47.4) | 157 (35.0) | 1 | 1.55 (0.84 to 2.84) | 0.159 |
| Pain treatment | ||||||
| Self-stretch or self-massage | 330 (65.2) | 30 (52.6) | 300 (66.8) | 1 | 0.55 (0.32 to 0.96) | 0.036 |
| Exercise | 136 (26.9) | 11 (19.3) | 125 (27.8) | 1 | 0.62 (0.31 to 1.24) | 0.174 |
| Self-meditation or self-mindfulness | 9 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (2.0) | - | - | - |
| Gym | 77 (15.2) | 5 (8.8) | 72 (16.0) | 1 | 0.50 (0.19 to 1.30) | 0.158 |
| Massage therapy | 107 (21.1) | 9 (15.8) | 98 (21.8) | 1 | 0.67 (0.32 to 1.42) | 0.296 |
| Stretch therapy | 15 (3.0) | 1 (1.8) | 14 (3.1) | 1 | 0.56 (0.07 to 4.30) | 0.573 |
| Physical therapy | 72 (14.2) | 7 (12.3) | 65 (14.5) | 1 | 0.83 (0.36 to 1.90) | 0.655 |
| OTC drugs | 97 (19.2) | 10 (17.5) | 87 (19.4) | 1 | 0.89 (0.43 to 1.82) | 0.741 |
| Nothing | 52 (10.3) | 4 (7.0) | 48 (10.7) | 1 | 0.63 (0.22 to 1.82) | 0.394 |
| Others | 22 (4.3) | 3 (5.3) | 19 (4.2) | 1 | 1.26 (0.36 to 4.39) | 0.719 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 408 (80.6) | 40 (70.2) | 368 (82.0) | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 51 (10.1) | 6 (10.5) | 45 (10.0) | 1 | 1.23 (0.49 to 3.05) | 0.661 |
| Missing | 47 (9.3) | 11 (19.3) | 36 (8.0) | - | - | - |
| Pain NRS | ||||||
| 1–3 (mild pain) | 145 (28.7) | 14 (24.6) | 131 (29.2) | - | 1 | - |
| 4–6 (moderate pain) | 225 (44.5) | 29 (50.9) | 196 (43.7) | 1 | 1.38 (0.71 to 2.72) | 0.345 |
| 7–10 (severe pain) | 136 (26.9) | 14 (24.6) | 122 (27.2) | 1 | 1.07 (0.49 to 2.34) | 0.858 |
| Neuropathic pain (S-LANSS score) | ||||||
| <12 | 487 (96.2) | 53 (93.0) | 434 (96.7) | - | 1 | - |
| ≥12 (predominantly neuropathic origin) | 19 (3.8) | 4 (7.0) | 15 (3.3) | 1 | 2.18 (0.70 to 6.82) | 0.179 |
| Obesity (BMI*, kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 71 (14.0) | 4 (7.0) | 67 (14.9) | 1 | 0.50 (0.17 to 1.47) | 0.211 |
| 18.5–<25 (normal) | 302 (59.7) | 32 (56.1) | 270 (60.1) | - | 1 | - |
| 25–<30 (pre-obese) | 78 (15.4) | 8 (14.0) | 70 (15.6) | 1 | 0.96 (0.43 to 2.19) | 0.931 |
| 30–<35 (obese class I) | 10 (2.0) | 1 (1.8) | 9 (2.0) | 1 | 0.94 (0.12 to 7.64) | 0.952 |
| 35–<40 (obese class II) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (0.5) | 1 | 4.22 (0.37 to 47.84) | 0.245 |
| ≥40 (obese class III) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | - | - |
| Missing | 42 (8.3) | 11 (19.3) | 31 (6.9) | - | - | - |
| History of continuous physician consultation for symptoms other than pain within 6 months before program participation | ||||||
| No | 249 (49.2) | 26 (45.6) | 223 (49.7) | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 257 (50.8) | 31 (54.4) | 226 (50.3) | 1 | 1.18 (0.68 to 2.05) | 0.565 |
| (B) Headache | Overall | Physician consultation | No physician consultation | DF | OR (LCL to UCL) | P-value |
| (n=352) | (n=19) | (n=333) | ||||
| Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 111 (31.5) | 7 (36.8) | 104 (31.2) | - | 1 | - |
| Female | 241 (68.5) | 12 (63.2) | 229 (68.8) | 1 | 0.78 (0.30 to 2.03) | 0.609 |
| Age, years | ||||||
| <40 | 122 (34.7) | 1 (5.3) | 121 (36.3) | - | 1 | - |
| 40–59 | 220 (62.5) | 18 (94.7) | 202 (60.7) | 1 | 10.78 (1.42 to 81.79) | 0.021 |
| ≥60 | 10 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (3.0) | - | - | - |
| Type of workstyle | ||||||
| Day shift, deskwork | 147 (41.8) | 9 (47.4) | 138 (41.4) | - | 1 | - |
| Shift work, deskwork | 78 (22.2) | 4 (21.1) | 74 (22.2) | 1 | 0.83 (0.25 to 2.78) | 0.761 |
| Day shift, other than deskwork | 8 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (2.4) | - | - | - |
| Shift work, other than deskwork | 119 (33.8) | 6 (31.6) | 113 (33.9) | 1 | 0.81 (0.28 to 2.36) | 0.705 |
| Pain treatment | ||||||
| Self-stretch or self-massage | 161 (45.7) | 6 (31.6) | 155 (46.6) | 1 | 0.53 (0.20 to 1.43) | 0.209 |
| Exercise | 40 (11.4) | 2 (10.5) | 38 (11.4) | 1 | 0.91 (0.20 to 4.11) | 0.906 |
| Self-meditation or self-mindfulness | 7 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (2.1) | - | - | - |
| Gym | 43 (12.2) | 3 (15.8) | 40 (12.0) | 1 | 1.37 (0.38 to 4.92) | 0.626 |
| Massage therapy | 74 (21.0) | 6 (31.6) | 68 (20.4) | 1 | 1.80 (0.66 to 4.91) | 0.252 |
| Stretch therapy | 8 (2.3) | 2 (10.5) | 6 (1.8) | 1 | 6.41 (1.20 to 34.16) | 0.03 |
| Physical therapy | 38 (10.8) | 3 (15.8) | 35 (10.5) | 1 | 1.60 (0.44 to 5.75) | 0.475 |
| OTC drugs | 236 (67.0) | 11 (57.9) | 225 (67.6) | 1 | 0.66 (0.26 to 1.69) | 0.386 |
| Nothing | 22 (6.3) | 1 (5.3) | 21 (6.3) | 1 | 0.83 (0.11 to 6.49) | 0.855 |
| Others | 20 (5.7) | 1 (5.3) | 19 (5.7) | 1 | 0.92 (0.12 to 7.25) | 0.935 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 295 (83.8) | 17 (89.5) | 278 (83.5) | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 29 (8.2) | 1 (5.3) | 28 (8.4) | 1 | 0.58 (0.08 to 4.55) | 0.608 |
| Missing | 28 (8.0) | 1 (5.3) | 27 (8.1) | - | - | - |
| MIDAS | ||||||
| 0–10 (minimal, mild, or infrequent disability) | 236 (67.0) | 10 (52.6) | 226 (67.9) | - | 1 | - |
| 11–20 (moderate disability) | 59 (16.8) | 6 (31.6) | 53 (15.9) | 1 | 2.56 (0.89 to 7.35) | 0.081 |
| ≥21 (severe disability) | 57 (16.2) | 3 (15.8) | 54 (16.2) | 1 | 1.26 (0.33 to 4.72) | 0.736 |
| Suspected migraine | ||||||
| Absent | 177 (50.3) | 6 (31.6) | 171 (51.4) | - | 1 | - |
| Presence | 175 (49.7) | 13 (68.4) | 162 (48.7) | 1 | 2.29 (0.85 to 6.16) | 0.102 |
| Obesity (BMI*, kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 59 (16.8) | 0 (0.0) | 59 (17.7) | - | - | - |
| 18.5–<25 (normal) | 212 (60.2) | 16 (84.2) | 196 (58.9) | - | 1 | - |
| 25–<30 (pre-obese) | 47 (13.4) | 2 (10.5) | 45 (13.5) | 1 | 0.54 (0.12 to 2.45) | 0.429 |
| 30–<35 (obese class I) | 7 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (2.1) | - | - | - |
| 35–<40 (obese class II) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | - | - |
| ≥40 (obese class III) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - | - | - |
| Missing | 27 (7.7) | 1 (5.3) | 26 (7.8) | - | - | - |
| History of continuous physician consultation for symptoms other than pain within 6 months before program participation | ||||||
| No | 150 (42.6) | 3 (15.8) | 147 (44.1) | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 202 (57.4) | 16 (84.2) | 186 (55.9) | 1 | 4.22 (1.21 to 14.74) | 0.024 |
* BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
BMI, body mass index; DF, degree of freedom; LCL, lower control limit; MIDAS, migraine disability assessment test; NRS, numeric rating scale; OR, odds ratio; OTC, over-the-counter; S-LANSS, Self-reported Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs; UCL, upper control limit.