Table 1.
Descriptive statistics main analysis.
| Type | Mean | Std. dev. | Min. | Max. | % Imputed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PoA (age 15–19) | Continuous | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.67 | 1.29 | 0 |
| PoA (age 7–9) | Continuous | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.72 | 1.24 | 0 |
| KS4 average grades | Continuous | 463.47 | 119.47 | 34.5 | 887.25 | 0 |
| KS1 average grades | Ordinal | 10.82 | 3.21 | 1 | 15 | 0 |
| Base | ||||||
| Age PoA (age 15–19) | Continuous | 17.08 | 1.05 | 15 | 19.25 | 0 |
| Age PoA (age 7–9) | Continuous | 7.45 | 0.13 | 7.25 | 8.42 | 0 |
| Age KS4 | Continuous | 16.23 | 0.31 | 15.75 | 16.67 | 0 |
| Age KS1 | Continuous | 7.23 | 0.31 | 6.75 | 7.67 | 0 |
| First born | Binary | 0.43 | . | . | . | 1.43 |
| Female | Binary | 0.51 | . | . | . | 0 |
| Pregnancy | ||||||
| Folic acid intake | Binary | 0.08 | . | . | . | 0.86 |
| Caesarean | Binary | 0.08 | . | . | . | 4.14 |
| Smoke in pregnancy | Binary | 0.14 | . | . | . | 10.71 |
| Heavy drink in pregnancy | Binary | 0.03 | . | . | . | 7.29 |
| Birth weight (kg) | Continuous | 3.50 | 0.49 | 1.49 | 5.14 | 1.71 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Age of the mother at birth | Continuous | 29.51 | 4.54 | 18 | 42 | 0.43 |
| Maternal education: | ||||||
| CSE, vocational, O-level | Binary | 0.54 | . | . | . | 1.86 |
| A-level | Binary | 0.27 | . | . | . | 1.86 |
| Degree | Binary | 0.17 | . | . | . | 1.86 |
| Paternal social class: | ||||||
| Manual | Binary | 0.37 | . | . | . | 7.71 |
| Non-manual | Binary | 0.41 | . | . | . | 7.71 |
| Professional | Binary | 0.14 | . | . | . | 7.71 |
| MFP count (age 0–7) | Ordinal | 0.72 | 1.30 | 0 | 6 | 1.71 |
| MFP count (age 0–11) | Ordinal | 0.84 | 1.46 | 0 | 8 | 0.71 |
| Average annual income FRS (age 0–7) | Continuous | 21.28 | 9.49 | 3.21 | 37.04 | 5.29 |
| Average annual income FRS (age 0–11) | Continuous | 23.55 | 9.71 | 3.11 | 47.93 | 2.00 |
| Log average annual income FRS (age 0–7) | Continuous | 2.93 | 0.52 | 1.17 | 3.61 | 5.29 |
| Log average annual income FRS (age 0–11) | Continuous | 3.06 | 0.48 | 1.13 | 3.87 | 2.00 |
| FDS (age 0–7) | Continuous | 2.50 | 2.68 | 0 | 12.33 | 1.71 |
| FDS (age 0–11) | Continuous | 2.20 | 2.32 | 0 | 11.75 | 4.86 |
| Mother has own house (age 7) | Binary | 0.81 | . | . | . | 0.43 |
| Mother has own house (age 11) | Binary | 0.82 | . | . | . | 0 |
| Children | ||||||
| BMI (age 7) | Continuous | 16.24 | 2.13 | 12.65 | 29.15 | 0.57 |
| BMI (age 15) | Continuous | 21.37 | 3.49 | 14.70 | 41.63 | 7.57 |
| Smoker (age 15) | Binary | 0.09 | . | . | . | 8.71 |
| Drink alcohol (age 15) | Binary | 0.45 | . | . | . | 9.00 |
| Life events | ||||||
| Mother divorced (age 0–6) | Binary | 0.05 | . | . | . | 22.14 |
| Mother divorced (age 0–11) | Binary | 0.09 | . | . | . | 27.57 |
| Mother or partner cruel to child (0–6) | Binary | 0.12 | . | . | . | 22 |
| Mother or partner cruel to child (0-11) | Binary | 0.15 | . | . | . | 27.43 |
| Diagnosed depression mother (age 6) | Binary | 0.08 | . | . | . | 11.00 |
| Diagnosed depression mother (age 12) | Binary | 0.08 | . | . | . | 16.14 |
| Mother has partner (age 6) | Binary | 0.85 | . | . | . | 10.71 |
| Mother has partner (age 12) | Binary | 0.79 | . | . | . | 15.00 |
| Any traumatic experience (age 0–7) | Binary | 0.07 | . | . | . | 12.86 |
| Any traumatic experience (age 0–10) | Binary | 0.13 | . | . | . | 12.86 |
Notes: Descriptive statistics are reported for the main estimation sample (700 observations). A description of all variables can be found in Appendix A. Only means (that can be interpreted as percentages) are reported for binary variables, as SD, Min and Max hold no statistical meaning for these variables. Imputed observations for binary, ordinal and categorical variables form a ‘missing’ category (not reported); imputed observations for continuous variables are set to be equal to the sample mean of the variable. ‘KS1’ and ‘KS4’ refer, respectively, to Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 4 average grades. As defined in Appendix A, ‘MFP’ stands for ‘Major Financial Problem’, ‘FDS’ is the ‘Financial Difficulty Score’, ‘BMI’ is the ‘Body Mass Index’, and ‘FRS’ refers to the ‘Family Resources Survey’.