Table 3.
OLS estimates on PoA (age 15–19).
| model 1 | model 2 | model 3 | model 4 | model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paternal social class: | |||||
| Non-manual | 0.403*** | 0.389*** | 0.340*** | 0.329*** | 0.314** |
| (0.121) | (0.121) | (0.125) | (0.125) | (0.125) | |
| Manual | 0.516*** | 0.483*** | 0.351** | 0.319** | 0.321** |
| (0.129) | (0.130) | (0.144) | (0.144) | (0.146) | |
| Base | |||||
| First born | 0.023 | 0.010 | −0.096 | −0.095 | −0.109 |
| (0.083) | (0.086) | (0.091) | (0.090) | (0.090) | |
| Age PoA (age 15–19) | −0.750 | −0.283 | −0.095 | −0.098 | 0.299 |
| (1.738) | (1.724) | (1.758) | (1.815) | (1.903) | |
| Age PoA squared (age 15–19) | 0.025 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.007 | −0.006 |
| (0.052) | (0.052) | (0.053) | (0.055) | (0.057) | |
| Female | 0.065 | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.038 | 0.050 |
| (0.085) | (0.086) | (0.089) | (0.088) | (0.087) | |
| Pregnancy | |||||
| Folic acid intake in pregnancy | −0.099 | −0.083 | −0.127 | −0.075 | |
| (0.168) | (0.163) | (0.163) | (0.170) | ||
| Caesarean | −0.061 | −0.026 | −0.085 | −0.078 | |
| (0.134) | (0.140) | (0.144) | (0.145) | ||
| Smoke in pregnancy | 0.327** | 0.263* | 0.229* | 0.234* | |
| (0.136) | (0.135) | (0.131) | (0.131) | ||
| Heavy drink in pregnancy | 0.074 | 0.174 | 0.143 | 0.179 | |
| (0.196) | (0.199) | (0.213) | (0.221) | ||
| Birth weight | −0.035 | −0.044 | −0.058 | −0.064 | |
| (0.041) | (0.041) | (0.041) | (0.041) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Age of the mother at birth | −0.164*** | −0.165*** | −0.169*** | ||
| (0.051) | (0.051) | (0.052) | |||
| Maternal education: | |||||
| A-level | −0.035 | −0.019 | −0.027 | ||
| (0.103) | (0.102) | (0.105) | |||
| Degree | −0.091 | −0.060 | −0.052 | ||
| (0.132) | (0.132) | (0.136) | |||
| MFP count (age 0–11) | −0.015 | −0.012 | 0.001 | ||
| (0.047) | (0.046) | (0.044) | |||
| Log average annual income FRS (age 0–11) | −0.022 | −0.047 | −0.008 | ||
| (0.134) | (0.134) | (0.133) | |||
| FDS (age 0–11) | −0.001 | −0.001 | 0.018 | ||
| (0.048) | (0.048) | (0.051) | |||
| Mother has own house (age 11) | −0.120 | −0.097 | −0.128 | ||
| (0.125) | (0.124) | (0.138) | |||
| Children | |||||
| BMI (age 15) | 0.085* | 0.083* | |||
| (0.047) | (0.048) | ||||
| Smoker (age 15) | 0.432** | 0.432** | |||
| (0.179) | (0.183) | ||||
| Drink alcohol (age 15) | −0.025 | −0.047 | |||
| (0.092) | (0.094) | ||||
| Life events | |||||
| Mother divorced (age 0–11) | 0.056 | ||||
| (0.166) | |||||
| Mother or partner cruel to child (age 0–11) | −0.281** | ||||
| (0.140) | |||||
| Diagnosed depression mother (age 12) | 0.077 | ||||
| (0.154) | |||||
| Mother has partner (age 12) | −0.219 | ||||
| (0.220) | |||||
| Any traumatic experience (age 0–10) | −0.084 | ||||
| (0.132) | |||||
| Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.039 | 0.055 | 0.063 |
Notes: *p < 0.1**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01. The outcome variable is standardized, as are the following controls: birth weight, age of the mother at birth, MFP count, FDS, and BMI. For missing continuous variables the mean is taken and then the missing value is controlled for. For categorical variables a category is added for missing values. Model 1: base and school fixed-effects controls; Model 2: base, pregnancy and school fixed-effects controls; Model 3: base, pregnancy, socioeconomic status and school fixed-effects controls; Model 4: base, pregnancy, socioeconomic status, children and school fixed-effects controls; Model 5: base, pregnancy, socioeconomic status, children, life events and school fixed-effects controls. School fixed-effects are not reported. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses.