Table 1.
Sample Characteristics (N = 94).
| Maternal characteristics | M (SD) or % |
|---|---|
| Age at enrollment | 30.45 (5.29) |
| Obstetric complications | |
| No complications | 33.3% |
| One complication | 38.7% |
| Two or more complications | 28% |
| Annual household income ($) | 72,000 (50,117.26)a,b |
| Household INR | 3.56 (2.89)a,b |
| Cohabitation status | |
| Cohabitating with partner | 89.4% |
| Living alone | 9.6% |
| Other | 1.1% |
| Education (highest degree earned) | |
| Less than high school | 2.2% |
| High school | 10.6% |
| Some college | 18.1% |
| Associate degree | 12.8% |
| Bachelor's degree | 34% |
| Graduate degree | 22.3% |
| Race and ethnicity | |
| Asian American/Asian | 3% |
| African American/Black | 11% |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 16% |
| Non-Latinx White | 58% |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1% |
| Multiracial/Multiethnic | 11% |
| Prenatal Substance Use | |
| Marijuana | 2.1% |
| Alcohol | 2.1% |
| Cigarettes | 1.1% |
| Newborn Characteristics | |
| Postconceptional age at MRI (weeks) | 44.22 (2.56) |
| Biological sex at birth (% female) | 53.2% |
| Race and ethnicity | |
| Asian American/Asian | 3% |
| African American/Black | 8% |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 20% |
| Non-Latinx White | 46% |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1% |
| Multiracial/Multiethnic | 22% |
| Birth outcome | |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.12 (1.29) |
| Birth weight percentile | 46.01 (25.44) |
| 5-minute Apgar score | 8.81 (0.47) |
| Study variables | |
| PSQI at 1st timepoint | 6.40 (3.70) |
| PSQI at 2nd timepoint | 6.77 (3.68) |
| PSQI at 3rd timepoint | 7.63 (3.84) |
| Right hippocampus (mm3) | 1154.17 (153.90) |
| Left hippocampus (mm3) | 1106.10 (152.58) |
| Right amygdala (mm3) | 246 (32.21) |
| Left amygdala (mm3) | 239.70 (33.04) |
| Intracranial volume (mm3) | 544369.33 (61510.09) |
Note:
a
median used,
b
An outlier for income (i.e., SD ≥ 5 above the mean) was converted to the value 3 SDs above the mean, preserving its rank as the highest value; INR = Income to needs ratio, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, NICU = neonatal intensive care unit