Table 1.
Characteristics of survey respondents.
| Total | Hypertension | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n = 10,428 | n = 4001 | P | |
| Age, n (%) | ||||
| 65–69 years old | 3121 (29.9) | 1072 (26.7) | < 0.001 | |
| 70–74 years old | 2898 (27.7) | 1064 (26.6) | ||
| 75–79 years old | 2514 (24.1) | 1019 (25.5) | ||
| 80–84 years old | 1265 (12.1) | 573 (14.3) | ||
| ≥ 85 years old | 630 ( 6.0) | 263 ( 6.8) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | Male | 4471 (42.8) | 1764 (44.1) | 0.048 |
| Female | 5957 (57.1) | 2237 (55.9) | ||
| Disease history, n (%) | ||||
| Cancer | 1163 (11.1) | 431 (10.8) | 0.346 | |
| Depression | 219 ( 2.1) | 88 ( 2.2) | 0.625 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 724 ( 6.9) | 327 ( 8.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Arrhythmia | 938 ( 8.9) | 471 (11.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Stroke | 354 ( 3.3) | 180 ( 4.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Gout | 416 ( 3.9) | 230 ( 5.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Asthma | 395 ( 3.7) | 166 ( 4.1) | 0.141 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1427 (13.6) | 667 (16.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1154 (11.0) | 578 (14.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Renal disease | 373 ( 3.5) | 191 ( 4.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Chronic hepatitis | 267 ( 2.5) | 78 ( 1.9) | 0.002 | |
| Collagen disease | 216 ( 2.0) | 86 ( 2.1) | 0.710 | |
| Allergy | 572 ( 5.4) | 217 ( 5.4) | 0.835 | |
| Hot spring-bathing, n (%) | ||||
| Frequency | ||||
| < 1/month | 2924 (28.0) | 1181 (29.5) | 0.0013 | |
| 1/month-1/week | 356 ( 3.4) | 136 ( 3.4) | ||
| 2–3/week | 871 ( 8.3) | 361 ( 9.0) | ||
| 4–5/week | 1394 (13.3) | 514 (12.8) | ||
| Daily | 4884 (46.8) | 1809 (45.2) | ||
| Duration of immersion | ||||
| < 10 min | 2645 (25.3) | 1108 (27.7) | < 0.001 | |
| 10–19 min | 4304 (41.2) | 1613 (40.3) | ||
| 20–29 min | 2616 (25.0) | 973 (24.3) | ||
| ≥ 30 min | 864 ( 8.2) | 307 ( 7.7) | ||
| Years of habit | ||||
| < 10 years | 3021 (28.9) | 1225 (30.6) | 0.011 | |
| 10–19 years | 1324 (12.6) | 486 (12.1) | ||
| 20–29 years | 1034 ( 9.9) | 380 ( 9.5) | ||
| 30–39 years | 1113 (10.6) | 406 (10.1) | ||
| ≥ 40 years | 3076 (29.4) | 1197 (29.9) | ||
| Time | ||||
| Before 9:00 | 1272 (12.1) | 508 (12.7) | < 0.001 | |
| 9:00 to 13:00 | 1145 (10.9) | 433 (10.8) | ||
| 13:00 to 19:00 | 4087 (39.1) | 1653 (41.3) | ||
| 19:00 or later | 3925 (37.6) | 1407 (35.1) | ||
| Hot spring type | ||||
| Simple | 2193 (21.0) | 852 (21.3) | 0.864 | |
| Chloride | 1116 (10.7) | 430 (10.7) | 0.846 | |
| Bicarbonate | 329 ( 3.1) | 113 ( 2.8) | 0.077 | |
| Sulfur | 87 ( 0.8) | 37 ( 0.9) | 0.509 | |
| Iron | 23 ( 0.2) | 12 ( 0.3) | 0.294 | |
| Sulfate | 16 ( 0.1) | 8 ( 0.2) | 0.441 | |
| Carbon dioxide | 14 ( 0.1) | 2 | 0.095 | |
| Acid | 1 | 1 | 0.384 | |
| Aluminum | 1 | 1 | 0.384 | |
The p -values were obtained using the chi-square test.