Table 2.
Clinical features and outcomes of neonates with perinatal NARDS between BPD and/or death or not and death or survival.a
| Clinical features | Total (n = 1005) | BPD and/or death (n = 213) | Non-BPD and/or death (n = 792) | 95% CI | P-value | Death (n = 126) | Survival (n = 879) | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 30.0 (27.0–34.0) | 30.0 (26.0–34.0) | 30.0 (27.0–34.0) | – | 0.392 | 30.0 (26.0–34.0) | 30.0 (27.0–34.0) | – | 0.263 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 36.4 (33.0–38.6) | 36.5 (31.5–39.0) | 36.4 (33.2–38.6) | – | 0.368 | 34.1 (31.2–38.5) | 37.0 (33.2–39.0) | – | 0.002 |
| Gender (male, %) | 675 (67.2) | 149 (70.0) | 526 (66.4) | 0.85–1.63 | 0.329 | 84 (66.7) | 591 (67.2) | 0.66–1.45 | 0.899 |
| Birth weight (g) | 2700 (1900–3260) | 2700 (1735–3300) | 2700 (1995–3250) | – | 0.530 | 2175 (1355–3085) | 2700 (2000–3300) | – | <0.001 |
| Apgar 5 min | 9.0 (8.0–10.0) | 9.0 (8.0–10.0) | 9.0 (8.0–10.0) | – | 0.086 | 8.7 (8.0–10.0) | 9.0 (8.0–10.0) | – | <0.001 |
| Twins (yes, %) | 87 (8.7) | 19 (8.9) | 68 (8.6) | 0.61–1.78 | 0.878 | 15 (11.9) | 72 (8.2) | 0.84–2.73 | 0.166 |
| IVF (yes,%) | 99 (10.0) | 22 (10.3) | 77 (9.7) | 0.65–1.76 | 0.792 | 17 (13.5) | 82 (9.3) | 0.87–2.65 | 0.142 |
| PROM (yes,%) | 222 (22.1) | 54 (25.4) | 168 (21.2) | 0.88–1.80 | 0.196 | 27 (21.4) | 195 (22.2) | 0.61–1.51 | 0.848 |
| antenatal corticoids (yes,%) | 216 (21.5) | 45 (21.1) | 171 (21.6) | 0.67–1.41 | 0.884 | 36 (28.6) | 180 (20.5) | 1.02–2.36 | 0.039 |
| Caesarean (yes, %) | 696 (69.3) | 142 (66.7) | 554 (69.9) | 0.62–1.19 | 0.357 | 76 (60.3) | 620 (70.5) | 0.43–0.93 | 0.020 |
| GDM (yes, %) | 144 (14.3) | 33 (18.8) | 111 (13.1) | 0.74–1.72 | 0.585 | 20 (15.9) | 124 (14.1) | 0.69–1.92 | 0.597 |
| HDCP (yes,%) | 129 (12.8) | 26 (12.2) | 103 (13.0) | 0.59–1.47 | 0.757 | 20 (15.9) | 109 (12.4) | 0.79–2.24 | 0.276 |
| ICP (yes, %) | 29 (2.9) | 7 (3.3) | 22 (2.8) | 0.50–2.82 | 0.694 | 4 (3.2) | 25 (2.8) | 0.38–3.27 | 0.836 |
| placenta previa (yes, %) | 88 (8.0) | 15 (7.0) | 73 (9.2) | 0.42–1.33 | 0.319 | 13 (10.3) | 75 (8.5) | 0.66–2.30 | 0.507 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31 (28–34) | 31 (28–34) | 31 (28–34) | – | 0.568 | 30.0 (26.0–32.0) | 31.0 (29.0–34.0) | – | 0.000 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 166 (151–184) | 163 (150–182) | 167 (151–185) | – | 0.092 | 161.5 (142.8–178.3) | 167.0 (151.0–185.0) | – | 0.004 |
| Platelet (∗109/L) | 238 (187–288) | 241.6 ± 80.8 | 235.7 ± 76.6 | (-5.78)-17.71) | 0.319 | 225.0 ± 85.7 | 238.6 ± 76.2 | (-28.10)-0.88 | 0.066 |
| Surfactant (yes, %) | 701 (68.8) | 154 (72.3) | 547 (69.1) | 0.84–1.64 | 0.362 | 74 (58.7) | 627 (71.3) | 0.39–0.87 | 0.004 |
| Surfactant ≥2 times | 225 (22.4) | 48 (22.5) | 177 (22.3) | 0.0.70–1.45 | 0.954 | 37 (29.4) | 188 (21.4) | 1.01–2.32 | 0.045 |
| NARDS (mild:moderate:severe) | 537:286:182 | 93:68:52 | 444:218:130 | – | 0.003 | 59:26:41 | 478:260:141 | <0.001 | |
| Modes (NIV:NIV-I:IV) | 198:254:553 | 32:47:134 | 166:207:419 | – | 0.028 | 25:26:75 | 173:228:478 | – | 0.415 |
| MAS (yes, %) | 111 (11.0) | 28 (13.1) | 83 (10.5) | 0.82–2.04 | 0.271 | 21 (16.7) | 90 (10.2) | 1.05–2.94 | 0.031 |
| PH (yes, %) | 153 (15.2) | 46 (21.6) | 107 (13.5) | 1.20–2.59 | 0.004 | 50 (39.7) | 103 (11.7) | 3.28–7.48 | <0.001 |
| PPHN (yes, %) | 261 (26.0) | 63 (29.6) | 198 (25.0) | 0.90–1.76 | 0.176 | 54 (42.9) | 207 (23.5) | 1.66–3.58 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure (yes, %) | 108 (10.7) | 34 (16.0) | 74 (9.3) | 1.19–2.86 | 0.006 | 45 (35.7) | 63 (7.2) | 4.61–11.24 | <0.001 |
| EOS (yes, %) | 214 (21.3) | 44 (20.7) | 170 (21.5) | 0.66–1.38 | 0.798 | 48 (38.1) | 166 (18.9) | 1.78–3.93 | <0.001 |
| RBC transfusion (yes, %) | 331 (32.9) | 79 (37.1) | 252 (31.8) | 0.92–1.73 | 0.146 | 67 (53.2) | 264 (30.0) | 1.81–3.86 | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| LOS (yes, %) | 93 (9.3) | 29 (13.6) | 64 (8.1) | 1.12–2.86 | 0.013 | 20 (15.9) | 73 (8.3) | 1.22–3.56 | 0.006 |
| IVH (yes, %) | 267 (26.6) | 65 (30.5) | 202 (25.5) | 0.90–1.79 | 0.142 | 49 (38.9) | 218 (24.8) | 1.31–2.85 | 0.001 |
| 3 or 4 grades | 33 (3.3) | 5 (2.3) | 28 (3.5) | 0.25–1.72 | 0.388 | 8 (6.3) | 25 (2.8) | 1.02–5.25 | 0.039 |
| ROP (yes, %) | 68 (6.8) | 24 (11.3) | 44 (5.6) | 1.28–3.64 | 0.003 | 24 (19.0) | 44 (5.5) | 2.61–7.65 | <0.001 |
| ≥2 stage | 21 (2.1) | 4 (1.9) | 17 (2.1) | 0.29–2.62 | 0.808 | 0 | 21 (2.4) | 0.96–0.98 | 0.080 |
| NEC (yes, %) | 61 (6.1) | 25 (11.7) | 36 (4.5) | 1.64–4.77 | <0.001 | 25 (19.8) | 36 (4.1) | 3.34–10.05 | <0.001 |
| ≥2nd | 18 (1.8) | 6 (2.8) | 12 (1.5) | 0.70–5.08 | 0.203 | 6 (4.8) | 12 (1.4) | 1.33–9.80 | 0.007 |
| hsPDA (yes, %) | 393 (39.1) | 88 (41.3) | 305 (38.5) | 0.83–1.53 | 0.457 | 61 (48.4) | 332 (37.8) | 1.06–2.25 | 0.022 |
| PDA Closure after Ibuprofen | 152 (15.3) | 42 (19.7) | 110 (13.9) | 1.03–2.26 | 0.035 | 24 (19.0) | 128 (14.6) | 0.85–2.24 | 0.189 |
| Air leak (yes, %) | 119 (11.8) | 34 (16.0) | 85 (10.7) | 1.03–2.43 | 0.036 | 29 (23.0) | 90 (10.2) | 1.64–4.19 | <0.001 |
| PVL (yes, %) | 70 (7.0) | 23 (10.8) | 47 (5.9) | 1.14–3.24 | 0.013 | 23 (18.3) | 47 (5.3) | 2.31–6.78 | <0.001 |
| ventilation length (day) | 3 (1–6) | 4 (1–7) | 3 (1–6) | – | 0.005 | 3 (2–6) | 3 (1–6) | – | 0.493 |
| ventilator-free days (days) | 0 (0–6) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–7) | – | <0.001 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–7) | – | 0.000 |
a
NARDS: neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome; BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; CI: confidence interval; IVF: in vitro fertilization; PROM: premature rupture of the membrane; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; HDCP: hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy; ICP: intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; NIV-I: intubation after NIV failure; IV: endotracheal tube and invasive mechanical ventilation; MAS: meconium aspiration syndrome; PH: pulmonary hemorrhage; PPHN: persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn; EOS: early onset sepsis; LOS: late onset sepsis; RBC: red blood cells; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity; NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis; hsPDA: haemodynamically significant patent ductusarteriosus; PVL: periventricular leukomalacia.