Table 2.
Critical appraisal of included quantitative studies (n = 32).
| Author (date) | Study purpose | Background literature | Study design | Description of sample | Sample size | Outcome measure reliable | Outcome measure valid | Description of intervention | Contamination avoided | Cointervention avoided | Statistical significance reported | Appropriate analysis | Clinical importance reported | Drop-outs reported | Appropriate conclusions | Total Score* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PUBLISHED STUDIES | ||||||||||||||||
| Alcantara et al. (2015)29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Alvarez et al. (2021)30 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| Braun et al. (2013)31 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Bussieres et al. (2015)18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Cerritelli et al. (2021)19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Gowan-Moody et al. (2013)34 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.75 |
| Hadley et al. (2008)35 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.75 |
| Hu et al. (2004)37 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.75 |
| Kim and Cho (2014)20 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.50 |
| Leach (2022)42 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| Leach and Gillham (2011)38 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| Leach et al. (2019)21 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| Leach et al. (2020)40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Leach et al. (2021)41 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Roecker et al. (2013)43 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.75 |
| Schneider et al. (2015)44 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.75 |
| Snow et al. (2017)45 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Stomski et al. (2008)47 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Stuttard (2002)48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.67 |
| Sullivan et al. (2017)49 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.92 |
| Sundberg et al. (2018)50 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| Suter et al. (2007)51 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.83 |
| Veziari et al. (2021)52 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| Walker et al. (2014)53 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.83 |
| Weber and Rajendran (2018)54 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.00 |
| UNPUBLISHED STUDIES | ||||||||||||||||
| Leach et al. (2022a)57 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Leach et al. (2022b)58 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Leach et al. (2022c)59 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Leach et al. (2022d)60 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Leach et al. (2022e)61 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Myhrvold et al. (2022)62 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Pelletier et al. (2022)63 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
NA – Not applicable.
⁎
Scoring: Studies were assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies. Each item is rated as either 1 (criterion met), 0 (criterion not met or unclear) or NA (not applicable). Total score represents the mean of all items.