Table 2.
Simulated clinical outcomes from bone drilling task.
| Haptic | Non-haptic | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plunge gap distance (mm) | 7.6 (4.3) | 13.6 (7.4) | 0.012* |
| Drilling time (sec) | 17.5 (4.0) | 13.8 (4.2) | 0.027* |
| Safe drill of <5 mm plunge gap in at least 2 out 3 attempts | 6 (40) | 0 (0) | 0.02¶* |
| Learning curve plateau | 7 (46.7) | 1 (6.3) | 0.01¶* |
| OSAT Ratings | |||
| Time/motion | 3 (2.5, 4.5) | 3 (2, 3) | 0.03* |
| Instrument handling | 4 (2.5, 4) | 2.5 (2, 3) | 0.053 |
| Procedural flow | 3 (2,4) | 2 (2, 3) | 0.029* |
| Overall performance | 4 (2.5, 4) | 2.5 (2, 3) | 0.051 |
| Combined Scores | 14 (10, 17) | 8.5 (7.75, 12) | 0.0006* |
Data presented as mean (SD), absolute number (%) or median (IQR), *<0.05, Mann–Whitney U test except ¶χ2 test. OSAT Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill.