Table 5.
Factors associated with glycemic control.
| Variables | Glycemic control No. (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | p -value | OR (95%CI) | p -value | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 125 (45.3) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Female | 53 (30.5) | 0.529 (0.355–0.790) | 0.002 | 0.565 (0.276–1.163) | 0.121 |
| Old age* | |||||
| No | 162 (49.7) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 16 (12.9) | 0.150 (0.085–0.215) | <0.001 | 0.481 (0.173–1.337) | 0.161 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 5 (62.5) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 59 (85.5) | 3.540 (0.729–17.195) | 0.117 | 1.135 (0.131–0.790) | 0.909 |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 93 (44.1) | 0.473 (0.110–2.030) | 0.314 | 0.414 (0.057–3.015) | 0.384 |
| Obese (>30.0) | 21 (13.0) | 0.089 (0.020–0.402) | 0.002 | 0.446 (0.051–3.920) | 0.467 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| No | 128 (71.1) | Referent | Referent | ||
| 1–2 | 32 (42.1) | 0.295 (0.169–0.516) | <0.001 | 0.706 (0.205–2.431) | 0.581 |
| >2 | 18 (9.3) | 0.042 (0.023–0.074) | <0.001 | 0.274 (0.035–2.140) | 0.217 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 69 (72.6) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 109 (30.7) | 0.167 (0.101–0.276) | <0.001 | 0.555 (0.227–1.360) | 0.198 |
| Dyslipidemia | |||||
| No | 142 (69.3) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 36 (31.6) | 0.076 (0.048–0.121) | <0.001 | 0.134 (0.040–0.454) | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney diseases | |||||
| No | 175 (48.1) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 3 (3.5) | 0.039 (0.012–0.126) | <0.001 | 0.111 (0.015–0.805) | 0.030 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | |||||
| No | 166 (49.4) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 12 (10.5) | 0.120 (0.064–0.227) | <0.001 | 1.603 (0.377–6.812) | 0.522 |
| Stroke | |||||
| No | 175 (43.6) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 3 (6.1) | 0.084 (0.026–0.275) | <0.001 | 0.758 (0.166–3.465) | 0.720 |
| Others | |||||
| No | 143 (42.1) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 35 (31.8) | 2.165 (1.235–3.798) | 0.007 | 1.401 (0.481–4.079) | 0.536 |
| Metformin | |||||
| No | 10 (19.2) | Referent | Referent | 0.730 | |
| Yes | 168 (42.2) | 3.068 (1.497–6.289) | 0.002 | 1.304 (0.289–5.886) | |
| Sulfonylurea | |||||
| No | 160 (53.3) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 18 (12.2) | 0.119 (0.069–0.205) | <0.001 | 0.156 (0.052–0.566) | 0.001 |
| Insulin | |||||
| No | 144 (72.5) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 34 (19.2) | 0.213 (0.137–0.332) | <0.001 | 0.692 (0.305–1.569) | 0.378 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | |||||
| No | 165 (43.9) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 13 (17.6) | 0.213 (0.137–0.332) | <0.001 | 1.844 (0.506–0.6713) | 0.354 |
| GLPRA | |||||
| No | 177 (40.1) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 1 (11.1) | 0.186 (0.023–1.504) | 0.115 | 3.390 (0.161–71.225) | 0.432 |
| Gliptins | |||||
| No | 98 (40.5) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 80 (38.5) | 0.918 (0.628–1.342) | 0.660 | (-) | |
| Type of therapy | |||||
| Monotherapy | 75 (62.0) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Polytherapy | 103 (31.3) | 0.280 (0.181–0.342) | <0.001 | 1.301 (0.431–3.922) | 0.641 |
| Guidelines compliant Rx | |||||
| No | 66 (25.1) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 112 (59.9) | 4.457 (2.976–6.676) | <0.001 | 4.195 (1.641–10.723) | 0.003 |
CI, confidence interval; GLPRA, Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptors agonists; Kg/m2, kilogram per square meter; OR, odds ratio; Rx, prescription; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose cotransporters-2;
*
Old age (>55 years for males, ≥65 years for females).